Oil Crisis in Libya :: OPEC, Middle East

Because of the crisis that is going on in Libya, Libyas cover toil and exportation has been greatly affected. This country is a member of OPEC, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. Libya is the worlds seventeen largest oil producer, the thirds largest oil producer in Africa, and the continents largest crude oil reserves. (Hauser, 2011) Since Libya has such an important part in the oil industry, the crisis has affected other countries and their trade, such as the price of oil and gas, as well as monetary value.Libya only contributes two share of the worlds oil supply. (Andrews, 2011) It might not seem like a big deal because of such a small percentage, but it is very hard for the world to absorb the two percent loss of oil every day. Libya was producing 1.6 million barrel of oil every day before the crisis erupted. (Dagher, 2011) As of now, unfortunately, it is only producing mingled with four hundred and six hundred thousand barrels of oil. (Dagher, 2011) But it doesnt even matter how much Libya produces, since it is currently not exporting oil and gas to outside countries, such as Europe and the unite States. Most of the foreign workers have fled the country, which educates up for the industry in Libya. Eighty five percent of Libyas exports are sold to European countries, especially Italy. (Dagher, 2011) Libya and Italy has reason out economic ties with one another, having a friendship treaty with one another since 2008. (Langundo, 2011) Italy is currently the biggest foreign investor in North Africa, who received thirty two percent of Libyas oil exports. (Langundo, 2011) Italy is greatly affected by Libyas turmoil. Italy is currently trying to re-establish its access to Libyas oil and gas. As of now, the shortage of oil does not have a great effect in Europe since other countries, such as Saudi Arabia, have been increasing their oil production to make up the loss from Libya. Libya contributes about five percent of their oil production to the United States. (Dagher, 2011) Though out the United States, oil prices have been increasing between three and five percent because of the increase cost of barrels. (Andrews, 2011) It is hard for those who live in the United States to adapt to the higher prices. Many already have burdens from the modern financial crisis, but the increase in oil prices will only add to the peoples burden,

Basics of Quantum Computing Essay -- Physics Computers Science

Fundamental Differences of Quantum ComputersIn the monetary standard architecture of computer storage, values are arranged as a series of bits, each of which is each true or false(0 or 1). This fundamental restriction of two states is the most basic difference when working with quantum states. Rather than allowing just the two singles states, a superposition of the two states is also possible, forming a state that is neither 0 nor 1, but something in amid with a probability of either state.Further, in the standard organization, it is possible to attach various bits together to force correlations between their values. This is also possible within the superposition of the states represented in a quantum bit. (Qubit) The correlation between these superpositions in the two qubits is referred to as Entanglement.With proper tying it is possible to evaluate the qubit as both one and zero at the same time, and do so across the entirety of the set of qubits at the same time, allowing f or massively parallel evaluations of all possible sequences at the same time. Of course in the end in that respect can only be a single full set for the stable state, but information can be gathered from each of the possibilities by its influence upon the whole system during each step of the evaluation. History of Quantum Computers Initially the famous physicist Robert Feynman breached the subject of using quantum effects for computation in 1982, though his ancient interest was in using the effects of one quantum effect to simulate another. Three years later in 1985 David Deutsch of the University of Oxford published a paper detailing the workings of a universal quantum computer, detailing the functionality of the theoretical process, but not... ...e technological barrier has not progressed so far as to allow convenient usage. At every stage of production the quantum computer has a great deal of work that needs to be done, and each step must be painstakingly analyzed and prot ected from the harsh environment that surrounds the extremely delicate system. Even once such systems can be produced for small experiments to confirm the effects we seek, it forget be quite some time before the production techniques and applications are so well refined as to allow for mass production or even a working prototype. More importantly, there does not seem to be any choice but to move to these systems. As our computers become more than and more compact, the effects of quantum events are going to make themselves first known and then become overwhelming. The solutions appear to be evolution or stagnation.

Eduard Munch :: essays research papers

Eduard Munch (1863-1944) was a Norwegian painter, engraver, and printer. He is often reputed to watch been a loner and a misogynist. Many of his bring ins revolve around a motif concerning women and their obscene vulgarity. The two works that will be expound here are Vampire (1893) and Jealousy (1896). These two depict women as creatures of temptation, petty provokers of pain, and selfish enslavers of vulnerable men. To just marginally understand Munchs hatred of women, one must read upon his tragic past. Tuberculosis killed his mother when he was only five years old it killed his sister, Sophie (whom Munch felt nearest to), nine years later. In addition to these tragic events were his unsuccessful love affairs which all together bludgeoned his faith in women. In Vampire, Munch displays a scene in which a woman seems to be embracing a man. She appears to be kissing him on the neck, but the title of the work diminishes that meaning. Although Munch intend the action of the work as just a kiss, he later changed the name to Vampire, possibly to capitalize on the 19th century literary arrested development with vampires. The intense switch in meaning plays on the mind of the viewer very curiously. It turns from compassion for the two lovers to sympathy and sorrow for the victimized man. The womans red hair becomes almost demonic and the backgrounds sinisterness transforms from a sorrow-filled unity between the two figures to a desolate ambiance of confusion. The dark green in the background is tranquil, but the viewers knowledge of the situation happening to the vulnerable man leaves the viewer in a province of ambiguity. A peaceful image is portrayed, but the woman is literally sucking the life out of the man. The red hair can be seen as a rainfall of blood emasculating the victim. The man has been deceived into finding love where there is unhappiness. He has found the tortures of being in love. The distorted and tangled strokes in the whole work represent th e mans faith in love being distorted and tangled. The strokes can also portray the womans deception, which is so put on by her loving embrace. Jealousy also carries the tormented-man motif. In this scene, a woman is chatting with and exposing her body to a man as her husband stands by, swallowing his painful jealousy. The husbands face is close-up and facing the viewer, demonstrating his quiet enragement.

Lillian Hellman Essay example -- essays research papers

Comparing Lillian Hellmans The Childrens Hour and The Little Foxes.& adenosine monophosphatenbspLillian Hellman was a well-known American dramatist who was born in 1905 in New Orleans ("Hellman," 1999). She later moved and attended New York public schools and went on to go to New York University and Columbia University as well. Within the confines of her youth, on that point had been confusion about her family background (Harmon, 1999). There has always been talk about her parents troubled marriage and other events have cropped up to make Hellman an intriguing figure. Yet, she went on to grow up and find a husband, something typical in her day. She married another playwright named Arthur Kober, but this relationship ended in divorce ("Hellman," 1999 James, 1999). Her snug friendship with the novelist Dashiell Hammett would continue until his death in 1961 (1999). Yet, Hellman would never remarry.Hellman did not begin to write plays until the 1930s, her dramas are well known for focusing on various forms of perversive ("Hellman," 1999). Her work has not escaped criticism however. She has been criticized at various times for her doctrinaire views but she nevertheless kept her characters from becoming social points of view by including credible dialogue and a realistic intensity which put her a step above her peers ("Hellman," 1999). Indeed, Hellman wrote with the skill of a professional but the emotions of a child. I feel she was able to capture the innermost fears and thoughts of people, drawing on their most hideous features. In the encyclopedia Hellman is described as an American Dramatist, whose plays are princely for the forcefulness of their matter, usually a condemnation of personal and social evil. They are also notable for character development and expert construction (Encarta). These points come with clearly in both The Childrens Hour and The Little Foxes. Interestingly, Hellman seemed to entitle these industrial plant in an innocuous but mischievous way. In a variety of works, it appears that Hellmans themes have all centered around evil and lies. They have drawn on things that, for the most part, people do not like to look at. Her works are truly disturbing, as she forces the audience to dig deep into their own psyches. It is important to note that Hellman had grown up in interesting times. She was a teen in the Roaring ... ...x Plays by Lillian Hellman. New York Vintage Books. pp. 1-78Hellman, L. (1979). &quotThe Little Foxes.&quot Six Plays by Lillian Hellman. New York Vintage Books. pp. 147-199 James, C. (1999, May 31). &quotThat 50s Cocktail of Hellman, Hammett and the tearing Scare.&quot New York Times, pp. E1.Kaupunginkirjasto, K. (2000, July 22). &quotLillian Hellman (1905-1984)&quot online&ltwww.kirjasto.sci.fi/lhelman.htm&gtMcHenry, R. (1995, December 20). &quotHellman, Lillian (biography), Her Heritage A Biographical Encyclopedia of famous American w omen&quot &ltelectronic library&gtReuben, P. (2000, July 22). &quotChapter 8 American Drama-Lillian Hellman.&quot PAL Perspectives in American Literature- AA research and reference guide. online&ltwww.csustan.edu/side/reuben/pal/chap8/hellman.html&gt Webb, K. (2000, July 22). &quotIts all a lie Destructive dishonesty in the works of Lillian Hellman.&quot online&lthttp//www2.rpa.net/webb/kaw/allalie.htm&gtWright, W. (1996, November 3) &quotWhy Lillian Hellman remains fascinating.&quot New York Times pp. H9.

Comparing Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now         Heart of Darkness, a novel by Joseph Conrad, and Apocalypse Now, a movie by Francis Ford Coppola can be compared and contrasted in many ways. By focusing on their endings and on the character of Kurtz, contrasting the meanings of the horror in each media emerges. In the novel the horror reflects Kurtz tragedy of transforming into a ruthless animal whereas in the film the horror has more of a definite meaning, reflecting the war and all the barbaric fighting that is going on.               Conrads Heart of Darkness, deals with the account of Marlow, a narrator of a journey up the Congo River into the heart of Africa, into the jungle, his ultimate destination.  Marlow is commissioned as an ivory agent and is sent to ivory posts along the river. Marlow is told that when he arrives at the  inner station he is to bring back information about Kurtz, the basis of this comparison and contrast in this paper, who is the great ivory agent, and who is said to be sick. As Marlow riposte away to the inner station  to the heart of the mighty big river.... resembling an immense snake uncoiled, with its head in the sea, its body at rest curving afar over a vast country and its tail lost in the depths of the land (Dorall 303), he hears rumors of Kurtzs unusual behavior of killing the Africans. The behavior fascinates him, especially when he sees it first hand and there it was black, dried, sunken, with closed eyelids- a head that seemed to sleep at the top of that pole, and with the shrunken dry lips showing a narrow uncontaminating line of the teeth, was smiling too, smiling continuously at some endless and jocose dream of that eternal slumber(Conrad 57). These heads that Marlow sees are first hand enjoin of Kurtzs unusual behavior. The novel ends with Kurtz gradually engulfing the atrocities of the other agents in his own immense h orror(Dorall 303). At his dying moment, Kurtz utters The Horror The Horror, which for the novel are address reflecting the tragedy of Kurtz, and his transformation into an animal.               Apocalypse Now is a movie that is similarly structured to the book but has many different meanings.

Comparing Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now         Heart of Darkness, a novel by Joseph Conrad, and Apocalypse Now, a word picture by Francis Ford Coppola can be compared and contrasted in many ways. By focusing on their endings and on the character of Kurtz, contrasting the meanings of the horror in for each one media emerges. In the novel the horror reflects Kurtz tragedy of transforming into a ruthless animal whereas in the film the horror has more of a definite meaning, reflecting the war and in all the barbaric fighting that is going on.               Conrads Heart of Darkness, deals with the account of Marlow, a narrator of a journey up the Congo River into the heart of Africa, into the jungle, his ultimate destination.  Marlow is commissioned as an ivory agent and is sent to ivory stations along the river. Marlow is told that when he arrives at the  inner station he is to bring back informa tion almost Kurtz, the basis of this comparison and contrast in this paper, who is the great ivory agent, and who is said to be sick. As Marlow proceeds away to the inner station  to the heart of the decent big river.... resembling an immense snake uncoiled, with its head in the sea, its body at rest curving afar over a vast country and its label lost in the depths of the land (Dorall 303), he hears rumors of Kurtzs unusual behavior of killing the Africans. The behavior fascinates him, especially when he sees it first hand and there it was black, dried, sunken, with closed eyelids- a head that seemed to sleep at the top of that pole, and with the shrunken dry lips showing a narrow white line of the teeth, was smiling too, smiling continuously at some endless and jocose dream of that eternal slumber(Conrad 57). These heads that Marlow sees are first hand evidence of Kurtzs unusual behavior. The novel ends with Kurtz gradually engulfing the atrocities of the other agents in his own immense horror(Dorall 303). At his dying moment, Kurtz utters The Horror The Horror, which for the novel are words reflecting the tragedy of Kurtz, and his transformation into an animal.               Apocalypse Now is a movie that is similarly structured to the book but has many different meanings.

Employee Engagement Essay

They are more than profitable, more customer-focused, safer, and more likely to withstand temptations to leave the organization. In the beaver organizations, employee network transcends a human resources initiative it is the way they do business. Employee engagement is a strategic approach supported by tactics for driving improvement and organizational interchange. The best performing companies know that developing an employee engagement strategy and linking it to the achievement of corporate goals will befriend them win in the marketplace. Unleashing the Potential for GrowthWorld-Class total 33% 67% Engaged 49% Not Engaged Actively Disengaged 26% 7% 18% 9. 571 1. 831 symmetry of Engaged to Actively Disengaged Whats Your Engagement Ratio? Gallups engagement ratio is a macro-level indicator of an organizations wellness that allows executives to track the equalizer of engaged to actively disengaged employees. The average run lowing population ratio of engaged to actively dise ngaged employees is near 21. Actively disengaged employees erode an organizations fag end line, while breaking the spirits of colleagues in the process.Within the U. S. workforce, Gallup estimates this cost to the lav line to be more than $300 billion in lost productiveness alone. In stark contrast, world-class organizations that have built a sustainable model victimisation Gallups approach have an engagement ratio of more than 91. As organizations move toward this benchmark, they greatly reduce the negative effect of actively disengaged employees while unleashing the organizations potential for rapid growth. Copyright 2008, 2010 Gallup, Inc. in all rights reserved. 1 Gallups Research-Based shape upGallups employee engagement work is based on more than 30 years of in-depth research involving more than 17 gazillion employees. This research has appeared in many business and scientific publications, including the Journal of Applied Psychology and the Harvard Business Review and in our bestselling books First, Break alone the Rules and the sequel 12 The Elements of Great Managing. 12 Elements of Engagement Gallup has developed and identified 12 core elements that link powerfully to critical business outcomes. These 12 statements emerged from Gallups pioneering research as those that best predict employee and workgroup motion.The 12 Elements of Great Managing I know what is expected of me at work. I have the materials and equipment I need to do my work right. At work, I have the opportunity to do what I do best every day. In the last seven days, I have received cite or praise for doing good work. My supervisor, or someone at work, seems to care about me as a person. There is someone at work who encourages my development. At work, my opinions seem to count. The mission or purpose of my organization makes me feel my job is important. My associates or fellow employees are committed to doing quality work. I have a best friend at work.In the last six months, s omeone at work has talked to me about my progress. This last year, I have had opportunities at work to learn and grow. Copyright 1993-1998 Gallup, Inc. exclusively rights reserved.. 2 Copyright 2008, 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. Adding Elements In addition to the 12 elements, Gallup recommends adding questions that address your companys unique culture or address business issues facing your organization. Gallups expansive item bank includes key indices to help organizations measure their strength in areas such as innovation, change management, customer orientation, leadership, and inclusiveness.Gallups latest meta-analysis (an analysis of selective information from more than 152 organizations) shows dramatic differences between top- and prat-quartile workgroups on key business outcomes. It is through this meta-analysis that Gallup continues to validate the 12 elements. beyond the dramatic difference engaged workgroups show in productivity, profitability, safety incident s, and absenteeism versus disengaged workgroups, Gallup has proven that companies with world-class engagement have 3. 9 times the EPS growth rate compared with organizations with get engagement in their same industry.Linking Employee Engagement to Critical Business Outcomes Employee Engagement and Critical Business Outcomes 30% 20% 10% 0% -10% -20% -30% -40% -50% -60% -70% -37% -49% -49% -60% -25% -27% -41% Turnover tall Absenteeism Turnover Orgs. Low Turnover Orgs. Safety Incidents Patient Safety Incidents 18% 12% Quality (Defects) Shrinkage 16% Customer Productivity Profitability heyday decile companies have 3. 9 times the Earnings Per Share (EPS) growth rate Difference Between Top and Bottom Quartile death penalty Copyright 2008, 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Systematically Improving Employee EngagementImproving engagement goes beyond simply asking the right questions. Engaging employees requires a year-round focus on ever-changing behaviors, processes, and system s to anticipate and respond to your organizations needs. From the leadership team to the frontline employees, all levels within an organization must commit to making these changes. A Sustainable Approach Gallup approaches employee engagement with sustainability in mind, and thus, provides managers and leaders with tools to help fetch performance on an ongoing basis through a combination of measurement, reporting, learning, action planning, and strategic interventions.victimization the latest technology and cutting-edge research, Gallup continually provides clients with innovative solutions that ingest change. From state-of-the-art organizational mapping software and online tools to first-class instructional designers and consultants, Gallups approach to employee engagement reduces the amount of time needed to move from measurement to improvement. The worlds top-performing organizations recognize the critical role managers play in achieving business objectives. As a global leader i n the area of employee ecruitment and selection, Gallup has a proven method for hiring managers and employees with the natural endowment to build engagement. After reviewing nearly 10,000 validated pre-employment questions and the global Q12 database, Gallup uncovered a subset of questions that enables organizations to assess whether a job female genitaliadidate, if hired, will boost engagement levels. This engagement selecting approach will help hiring managers find candidates who have more potential to drive engagement in the workplace. Selecting for Engagement 4 Copyright 2008, 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved.What the Worlds outgo Organizations Do Differently Gallup drives organizations to systematically improve employee engagement using proven interventions at the local and enterprise level. Beyond setting the proper strategy, interventions include finding the right performance metrics that drive accountability, creating a countywide communication strategy, and design ing development opportunities for every employee, manager, and leader. While partnering with many of the worlds best organizations, Gallup has observed that world-class organizations make employee engagement a precession by focusing on the following Strategy World-class organizations develop a formula for success by looking objectively and rigorously at the business problems they face and by focusing on finding the right employees and keeping them engaged. For these organizations, an employee engagement strategy is not only fundamental to the way they do business, it is critical to their success. Accountability and Performance The top-driven companies focus on outcomes. They define and rigorously measure success at every level in the organization.These measurements ultimately help focus each person, team, department, and business unit on driving performance and results. Communication Within the best performing organizations there is a cultural continuative between the employees an d the company, paired with a strategic alignment between activities and company goals. These organizations use their corporate communication touchpoints to reinforce their commitments to employees and customers. Development As the struggle for talent intensifies, organizations face a continual challenge to build and grow their leadership capacity.The worlds top-performing companies have comprehensive leader and manager development programs, entirely they also go one step further these programs are performance-driven and incorporate a comprehensive succession plan throughout the organization. They make it a precession to not only identify leadership potential, but also to focus intently on the creation of developmental paths for current and future managers and leaders. Copyright 2008, 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Proven Return on InvestmentIncreasing employee engagement directly correlates with a positive effect on key business metrics. A partnership with Gallup en ables your organization to design, implement, and execute an employee engagement strategy, and at the same time, your organization will have concrete evidence of the effect of this strategy on the bottom line. Gallups proof of ROI goes beyond the case study level. By continually validating the effect of increasing employee engagement through meta-analyses and business impact studies, Gallup can observe ROI trends across hundreds of clients.The observed net gain in key business outcomes for business units that grow employee engagement is a direct link to ROI. true Net Gain at the Organizational Level 8. 0% 7. 0% 6. 0% 5. 0% 4. 0% 3. 0% 2. 0% 1. 0% 0. 0% medial Growth in Engagement (. 15 GrandMean) m A Tu r Think about the cost to replace an employee, attract a new, loyal customer, or pay workers compensation. Using quick and simple math with the net gain values provided, your organization can begin to model the ROI it is capable of attaining. 6 Tu r Pa t Pr od er uc tiv ity Pr o? t a bi lit y Copyright 2008, 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. h y et af Q ge ow ty eis ka -H fe -L ua lit C ig te rin Sa tS en ve r ve r no no ien bs Sh us to y Performance Optimization Managing the Employee-Customer Encounter Taking employee engagement one step further, Gallups Performance Optimization approach offers an innovative, research-based approach to one of the toughest challenges businesses face today how to drive success by effectively managing the moments when employees interact with customers.This approach brings employee and customer engagement on to a single management platform. It combines a proven method for assessing the health of the employee-customer encounter with a disciplined process for improving it. Gallup is unique in its ability to design and execute this aligned approach because our expertise and global energy in marketplace consulting practices is as deep as our expertise and global capability in workplace consulting practices. e Impact of Perform ance Optimization gamey TM CE11 CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT Boost 70% 240% Boost 1. (Baseline) LOW LOW Boost HIGH 70% Q12 EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT Our meta-analysis of engagement and financial performance in companies across multiple industries reveals that business units that score above our database median on customer and employee engagement significantly outperform units that rank in the bottom half on both measures. Organizations employing Performance Optimization principles have outperformed their competitors by 26% in gross margin and 85% in sales growth. Their customers buy more, spend more, return more often, and stay longer.Blending strategic analysis with hands-on, practical steps and advice, Performance Optimization changes how leaders view their work, their employees, and their customers. Copyright 2008, 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Gallups Global Reach Gallups 2,000 professionals deliver services at client organizations and from 40 offices around the world. Benchmarki ng World-Class Organizations Gallup maintains the worlds virtually comprehensive historical and comparative employee engagement databases.The historical database contains data collected in 67 languages from more than 17 million respondents in 175 countries worldwide. Gallup updates the comparative database annually, which enables clients to benchmark their organizations employee engagement levels against the most recent data Gallup collects from around the world. Gallups most recent database, covering the past three years, includes data collected from more than 6. million employees representing more than 815,000 workgroups in 16 major industries and more than 70 sub-industries in 170 countries worldwide. Gallup understands the importance of timely data and pertinent comparisons in the competitive landscape of todays fast-paced marketplace. As a result, your organization can compare its engagement data with Gallups global, world-class, industry-specific, or custom database segment s. Change That Drives Outcomes Transformation does not occur instantaneously.It takes a lot of energy and effort to initiate change, and it takes even more energy to build on that momentum. It takes focused attention to drive engagement. A partnership with Gallup will help your organization influence and inspire engagement by building a pile strategy that holds people accountable for performance, aligns communication, and builds development opportunities for leaders, managers, and frontline employees, giving your organization a competitive edge. 8 Copyright 2008, 2010 Gallup, Inc.All rights reserved. Copyright 2008, 2010 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Best Buy has already had success in connecting improved employee-engagement scores to store performance it found that for every 10th of a point it boosted the former, its stores saw a $100,000 increase in operating income.

Cupcake Business

I conducted extensive market research and I wealthy person considered this project, because I institute in my survey that having a cup cake shop is a lucrative mountaininess. The shop result specialise only in cupcakes. I throw my own unique recipes. This is one of the things which is my strength. Not many lot earn their own unique recipes. To enable my business to prosper I have the impulse of implementing special offers, which introduces the business to the customer. I am lucky enough to have found a good chef which works alongside me to create new flavours. The decisions about(predicate) the recipes ar made by me and the chef, but I have the final word. The structure of the business allow for be as a Sole Trader. This is the rapid and easiest way of setting up a new business. This type of structure could be danger, because I am responsible with my property.LocationFinding right location is a main key to maintaining a successful business. The ideal location is the cent re of town. There ar a covey of people passing by. The research I have do shows me that, there arent any similar shops within a radius of 10 miles. Opposite the shop is the towns main bus station, where people can have cupcakes while they are waiting for the bus. My research shows, that there is Primary school and Secondary school right behind the shop. The parents which garner their children pass by the shop. They can also take a good look at what we are offering by looking at the stupendous window display. The smell of freshly made cupcakes lead be one of the things, which the children can catch early in the morning.FinanceTo start up the cupcake business you will need approximately 40,000. I have 10,000 capital, but I will need a loan from the bank for the additional 30,000. The research I have done and the special advice I have been given says, that I am not entitled to get a personal loan more than 20,000. however because of the structure of my business as a sole trader I have an option of getting the full amount of 30,000. I have a good tailored business plan which has enabled me to obtain the business loan I need. I will be responsible with my own property and this will secure the loan. The loan which will suit me is with a fixed interest rate and equal monthly instalments.Internal selective informationAll organisations generate a substantial amount of information relating to their operation. This inner(a) information is vital to the successful management of the organisation. The information may be available from a number of sources within the organisation, for example Marketing and gross revenue information on performance, revenues, markets shares, distribution channels. Sales figures and sales research are very reliable sources of information, because the consumer tells you what they want. Production and operational information on assets, quality, standards.This information will help me to reinvent products to help them sell better. Financial information all on profits, costs, margins, cash, flows, investments. The information about the profits will show me in what bang my business is going in and where I can improve my financial position. Internal documentation such as order forms, invoices, credit notes, procedural manuals. The internal documents are important part of doing an audit. The results of doing an audit also relates to finances.External informationAn external source of information is concerned with what is happening beyond the boundaries of the organisation. This covers any documentation relating to a way out area produced as a summary or detailed report by an agency external to an organisation. Such information may be gettable from government agencies or private information providers. Examples might include Telephone directories this could be used to check for existing companies that are similar. Judgments on court cases helps to preclude a mistakes made by someone else.Legislation Food Hygiene Certi ficate, Health and Safety Certificate, Fire Safety Certificate. Professional publications helps to find the right way of tally a successful business. Financial services banks, accountants, solicitors, lawyers. The internet in todays days the people use internet most of the time. Social media sites are very popular and are also used as a place where you can advertise your business and generate customers.SummaryMy business would run at a profit if I attract my customers with special offers. This will include snubs for kids and elderly. Regular customers will also be entitled to get a discount for their loyalty. There will be various levels of discounts for corporate clients, depending on how much they order. Low prices and good quality will help me to generate a lot of customers. One of the foundations for starting up a new business is my unique recipes. They are designed by me, but the chef who is going to work with me helps me to prepare them. The recipes are a combination of u nusual flavours and designs.This will also help me to attract new customers. The environment which I provide to the customers must be nice, clean and friendly. When people are in my cupcakes shop, I want them to feel relaxed and comfortable. The staff that I employ will be trained in customer service. They will be polite and respectful. Often team-building is helpful for developing a good relationship between the staff. They also can come up with new ideas, which can be discussed and put into action. I have a good location which is near a bus station, schools and few office buildings. The research I have done shows me that throughout the day nearly 3000 people passing by the shop. The location is ideal for this type of business. To improve my business in future I will make plans for expansion following the above steps. Opening a chain is a good improvement.

“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” by William Wordsworth Essay

I chose the poem I Wandered Lonely as a corrupt by William Wordsworth because I like the imagery in it of dancingdaffodils. Upon closer examination, I realized that most of this imagery is created by the many parables and similes Wordsworth uses. In the first line, Wordsworth says I wandered lonely as a cloud. This is a simile comparing the wondering of a man to a cloud drifting through the sky. I articulate the wandering cloud is lonely because there is nothing up there that high in the sky besides it. It can pass by unnoticed, contact nothing. Also, the image of a cloud brings to mind a light, carefree sort of wandering. The cloud is not bound by any obstacle, but can go wherever the whim of the wind takes it. The next line of poem says I saw a crowd, a host, of golden daffodils.Here Wordsworth is using a metaphor to compare the daffodils to a crowd of people and a host of angels. The word crowd brings to mind an image of the daffodils chattering amongst one another, leaning th eir heads near for each one other in the wind. The word host makes them seem like their golden petals are shimmering like golden halos on angels. It is interesting to note that daffodils do hand a circular rim of petals in the middle that could look like a halo. Later in the poem Wordsworth uses another simile, saying the dancing of daffodils in the wind is continuous as the stars that shine and twinkle on the milky way.This line creates the image of the wind blowing the tops of random daffodils up and down in a haphazard matter, so they appear to glint momentarily as their faces catch the sun. This goes along with the next metaphor of the daffodils tossing their heads in sprightly dance. Comparing their feces to a dance also makes me think of swirling, swishing yellow skirts moving in harmony.It is also interesting how the first image of the wandering cloud contrasts sharply with the scrap image of the dancingdaffodils. The cloud drifts in solitude slowly and placidly across th e sky, whereas the daffodils hurry to and fro in an energetic, lively scramble. This contrast seems to show that looking at the daffodils make the author feel better than he did before, that they cheered him up. This idea is supported by the last line of poem, where he says his heart with pleasure fills, and dances with the daffodils whenever he thinks of them.

Advertising Statement Essay

Rosser Reeves was the hotshot who invented the term USP. The Unique selling proposition is sometimes referred to as harvest-home difference. In rarified cases, some harvest-feasts or services drive a unique and impressive proposition/ social welf are. A unique selling proposition is the ultimate proposition because its one that no other competitor can claim. It has to be something that you could also sell from. The concept of a unique selling proposition, or USP, is based on a benefit statement that is both unique to the product and important to the user. The heart of a USP is a proposition, which is a promise that states a specific and unique benefit you will get from using the product. If the product has a special formula, design, or feature, particularly if protected by a patent or copyright, then you are assured that it is truly unique. This is why a USP is frequently marked by the use of an only statement, either outright or implied. There are conglomerate methods that can be used to find a USP as it is demonstrated in advertizing strategies and intellects.Strategy in AdvertisingIn advertising, schema refers to the general merchandise or selling approach. It is the thinking behind the concept/idea. (The thinking behind the thinking, if you like.) Decisions about selling premises are central to the overall advertising dodging. The strategy (or strategic thought) can come from a proposition/benefit of the product, how it used, the market background, the choice of target audience, or any combination in that respectof. Every strategy should have an element of distinction ( small or large ) from the competitions strategies, as should the proceeding concept and campaign. all(a) strategies should be written in the form of a strategy statement, also known as yeasty brief. However, there are several questions we should seek to answer to cover the bowl of strategic analysis. Competitor, better(p) prospects, and what buying appeals have the greatest le verage. At the corporate level what takes place in the advertising department would be seen as tactical whilst in the advertising department this would be seen as strategic.* Corporate strategies are relate with the major functions of the company, and cover finance, human resource management, production, administration, and marketing. * Marketing strategies are concerned with ANSOFFs matrix and the marketing mix. * Promotional strategies are concerned with the promotional mix options (advertising, sales promotions, PR, publicity, selling, sponsorship, exhibitions).Effective AdvertisingAdvertising that is effective creates the message that best expresses the product-prospect relationship. In addition, the message has to be intrusive enough to battle through the clutter in the contemporary media marketplace. To reach the effectiveness in advertising, a creative strategy should be involved in the process. It has to sell the product effectively by promoting them through smart and well designed advertisement.Creative BriefWhen forming a strategy from which to create ideas, it needs to be written down in a black and white. This helps to focus and steer the formation of ideas from the onset. When people suggest that an idea is off strategy, they mean that it doesnt relate back to the defined strategy, and will therefore be much harder to sell the idea to the client. By having a strategy statement at hand, you can keep referring back to it whilst generating ideas from that strategy. It is very hard, veritable(a) if you are an experienced creative, to produce a great campaign idea (or even a single one shot) without a solid, tight strategy. In short, the better you are briefed, the easier your job will be. A poorly defined, vogue, wooly brief is no use to a creative person, nor is highly specific one that restricts the number of ideas. Below are the basic examples of the headings in a creative brief, * Client* mathematical product/service * Product and market backgr ound (supposition) * Competition * Business/Advertising Objective (problem to solve) * Media * Target market/Group/Audience * Proposition/Promise/ make * Proposition Support Points * Tone of Voice * Mandatories (Inclusions/Exclusions) Media in AdvertisingThe choice of media depends upon the typecast of product or service being advertised, the target market, and the clients budget. Each campaign can be in one form of media, or multiple forms. Traditional advertising media includes print, TV, and radio. Non-traditional includes ambient and guerrilla concepts. In addition, there is direct media, and interactive media. In the UK, each type of media is defined by its relation to a hypothetical line that divides the two. Traditional media is above the line, whereas direct marketing and interactive advertising is below the line. Companies that produce work in all the forms are referred to as through the line agencies, or full service. Other divisions deep down advertising include sales p romotion, and business-to-business. Whereas business-to-consumer advertising, once the skill is developed, the same creative process can easily be applied to these other forms of media and advertising.PositioningAll products and companies, as seen by the customer, occupy some kind of position in the market whether they intend it or not. This might be, for example, high price-high value, low price-low value, high price-low value, not bad(predicate) company-not-so-good company and so on, when compared with comparable competing products and competing organizations. Most modern organizations now attempt to actively influence this position in the market by matching product and corporate benefits with the needs of clearly identified segments. The managers have performed professionally, be integrated to match the identified needs of the target market. Positioning is how the marketer wants the consumer to view its product relative to the competition. Although product differentiation plays a role in creating a product position, product differences account for only part of a products position. A perspective strategy also includes the manner in which a products factors are combined, how they communicated, and who communicates them. The size (and value) of the advertising corporate and brand positioning is crucial to the well-being of any company and so should be left to the agency professional.Copy opusCopywriting is an essential part of the design communication mix, and those of us who do it for a living will tell you that crafting massages and telling stories is a rewarding mental process, even in the business context. Youll find that being able to generate a response from your audience is a valuable and highly sought-after skill. Copy (or text, or words) used in design is a very particular type of creative writing that requires the inspiration of an artist and the control of a craftsman or craftswoman. In comparison to the rails on which the copy source runs, the no velist or poet has no limitations. rhyme and storytelling are flights of the imagination, with no client or news editor to bear in mind. Whether the personality of the releaser shines through directly or indirectly, this is the purest creative writing it can take off in any direction, be as fictional as it wants to be, and go wherever it pleases.Writing copy, however, is all about cohesive to brief, while paying homage to the creativity and style of the poet and storyteller. Journalists and copywriters are commercial writers, but the essence of the role is completely different. In most cases journalist have to create the story from the scratch, usually by following leads. They will have to research the facts to get to the heart of the matter, discover the different viewpoints and opinions, and bring this material unitedly accurately and coherently. Articles are often written to a tightly defined structure, while features can allow more room for individual expression and the int erweaving of the writers viewpoint. The message has to be factually correct, balanced, and fair, but the writer is allowed to take a stance, which could reflect that of the newspaper or, in the case of regular column, the writers opinion. Copywriting borrows from all other fields of writing in its quest for creative expression, but there is no room for your personality in the copy that you write you are simply a scribe, a hired mouthpiece for your client, and it is the brands voice that must come through, loudly and clearly.

Ihg’s Corporate Strategy: “The Winning Ways”

IHGs corporate strategy The triumphant ways IHGs mission statement is to become the greatest companionship in the world through creating great hotels guests love. IHGs road map for growth is dependent on engagement and high performance from the inviolate workforce. In order to achieve this, IHG designed a set of values, known as the agreeable ways. The winning ways serve as a road map, which enables IHG to reach their long-term vision. IHGs winning ways will act as the foundation for how they go about their business. More specifically, the winning ways argon fundamental to enhancing relationships with guests, colleagues and business owners.This new way of working will also support and drive the organizations growth. But what are the winning ways and how exactly will one measure the strategys success? The winning ways are as follows Do The accountability Thing We aim to do what we believe is right and have the courage and conviction to drop it into practice. We are honest and straightforward and see our decisions through. Show We disquiet We want to be a company that understands peoples needs better than anyone else in our industry. This means being sensitive to others, noticing the things that matter and taking responsibleness for getting things right. Aim Higher We aim to be ac associationd industry leaders, and have built a team of talented people who have a will to be the best. We strive for success and we value individuals who are always looking for better ways to do things. Celebrate Difference We believe it is the knowledge of our people that brings our brands to life. We do not impose a rigid, uniform view of the world. Our global strength comes from celebrating local differences, while knowing that some things should be the same. dally Better Together We are at our best when we collaborate to form a powerful team.We listen to each other and combine our expertise to constrain a strong, focused, supportive and trusted team of people. T he winning ways outline IHGs culture as being a world leading hotel group. This extraordinary strategy has been rolled out across the entire group and in order to measure the success of the winning ways, employee satisfaction surveys are used. Basically, IHG acknowledges that their people are the most important element for success, because they are responsible for bringing IHGs brands (within IHG, there are seven hotel brands) to life for guests.IHG uses its winning ways strategy to put personnel in the spotlight and therefore making employees satisfied, in which they will portray their gratification towards guests. In conclusion, IHGs winning ways strategy is a smart, yet simple approach to reach their mission statement. The winning ways can also be referred to as their haveline or bible to guide the hotel group towards their long-term vision. IHGs winning ways are how personnel should behave on a daily basis a set of behaviors ground on their values which is ultimately absorbed by the entire workforce and transferred to the guests.By creating a consistent and reliable workforce, IHG can be sure that their winning ways strategy is the perfect route to success, because after all, guest satisfaction is everything in the hotel industry. References Robert Dransfield (2001), Corporate Strategy 1st edition, Guildford, England, Heinemann Laura Pratt (2011), Hotelier Magazine People transportrs IHG Aims to Please as Pinnacles 2011 Company of the Year Allison Shirreffs (2011), Atlanta Business Chronicle InterContinental Hotels Group Best places to work InterContinental Hotels Group corporate website http//www. ihgplc. com/index. asp pic

Environmental Protection Program

The collective action of adult males developing and paving over the landscape, clear-cutting forests, polluting rivers and streams, altering the atmospheres protective ozone layer, and populating nearly every place imaginable argon obstetrical delivery an end to the lives of creatures across the Earth. Extinction of biological species is not necessarily a phenomenon initiated by gay activity, some argue. Although the specific role of extinction in the parade of evolution is still being researched and debated, it is gener eithery accepted that the demise of any biological species is inevitable.Opponents of special efforts to protect endangered species invariably point this out. They also enkindle that the role of homo sapiens in causing extinction should not be distinguished from that of any early(a) species. This position, virtually often espoused by individuals whose other views be curiously more(prenominal) more anthropocentric, is contrary to some well established fact s. Unlike other creatures that pay inhabited the Earth, human beings are the low gear to possess the technological ability to cause wholesale extermination of species, genera or even entire families of living creatures.This process is accelerating. Wildlife management efforts initiated during this century have been unfulfilled in stemming the tide. Most public help given to endangered species has focused on mammals, birds, and a few varieties of trees. Ecologists recognize a far greater panic to the much larger number of species of reptiles, fish, invertebrates, and plants that are being wiped out by human activity. In the past few decades, vast areas in several regions of the population have been cleared to make room for urban development or for food production.Modern agriculture techniques and industries need for raw material have contri unlessed to the pandemic of extinction. During the last few centuries, growth in the human population and intensification of our use of re sources has greatly increased the rate of species extinction. Today, this rate is at least 1,000 times higher(prenominal) than it was when the genus Homo made its appearance nigh 2 million yrs ago. According to the best estimates, an average of 200 species vanishes from the Earth every day.By the year 2025, an estimated 20 percent of Earths species may have been pushed to extinction a loss of species unmatched since the end of the Mesozoic 65 million years ago. For human beings, the consequences of this bulky wave of extinctions will be severe, whether they are viewed from a moral, aesthetic, scientific, or economic perspective. Scientists fear that the vitality of our ecology may be seriously threatened by the reduction of biological diversity resulting from the lost genetic resource contained in the extinct species.They note that the ability of species to evolve and adapt to environmental change searchs on the existence of a vast pool of genetic material. This problem joins t he issue of endangered species with that of wilderness preservation. Unfortunately, the need to set aside vast undeveloped areas to retard wholesale extinction is more acute in the poorer, more crowded regions of the world where people are pressured by both their own basic take and the demand of the industrialized world for their resources.The concept of biodiversity helps capture the magnitude of the problem. Biodiversity is the variety of, and interaction among, living organisms and the ecological complexes that they occur in, from the smallest habitat to the Earth as a whole. The concept also includes the genetic variability within these species, the raw material of both evolutionary adaptation and selective breeding by humans. In footing of biodiversity, extinction is more than the loss of individual species, it is the degradation of the ecological complexes that support all life on this planet.The set of plant, animal, fungus and microorganism species that occur together at a particular place make possible the functioning of an ecosystem at that place. Undisturbed ecosystems, with their natural level of biodiversity regulate the flow of energy and the cycling of nutrients, which all life depends on. The ongoing elimination of a sizable portion of the Earths biota is probably the clearest sign that the manner in which we use the natural environment is not sustainable. The intensity of our exploitation of natural resources is simply too great.In the past 40 years, human beings have wasted over a fifth of the Earths topsoil, destroyed more than half of its forests, polluted most fresh and onshore marine waters, and profoundly changed the characteristics of the atmosphere. It is easy to put much of the blame on population growth. The human population has more than doubled over the past 40 years to reach the present level of more than 5. 5 billion. Each new somebody puts an added burden on the natural environment. Yet if we are to understand the roots of the problem and work towards real solutions, we need to look at other factors in any event population growth.As living organisms, we moldiness utilize the natural environment to satisfy our basic needs. The manner in which we do this, however, is as variable as human culture. The problem is that present social, economic, and political structures encourage us to maximize our use of natural resources rather than use them wisely. In todays world, economic resources are extremely concentrated in industrialized countries, where most of the worlds goods are consumed by a minority of the globular population.Seventy-seven percent of the people in the world most of whom live in less-developed nations have merely about 15 percent of the worlds wealth, consume only 10 to 15 percent of the worlds natural resources, and generate about 10 to 15 percent of the worlds pollution. This global inequality is one of the major factors contributing to overuse of resources and destruction of natural h abitats.At present, our ignorance of biodiversity is telling scientists believe that the lend number of species on Earth may be about 10 million, although only 1. million have been named and classified. Such knowledge is of great importance in itself, and of fundamental importance to achieving sustainable productivity. But it is only one of many prerequisites another is a stable human population. Unfortunately and only if we sustain our attention to family planning around the world two to three times the current number of people may be alive when the human population levels out. At that point, the intelligent use of organisms and other natural resources will be absolutely essential for future stability.A stable human population, however, will not in itself allow us to attain a stable world. We must also address much more effectively the problems of poverty and lack of social justness throughout the world. This must include pursuing sustainable agricultural development in a way t hat guarantees more people access to the land they must have to meet their own needs. The role of women must also be enhanced throughout the world, in relation to health and family planning, literacy and school involvement, and participation in the work force.Another problem to confront is overconsumption of the worlds resources by people in industrialized countries. Plans to preserve biodiversity and utilize it sustainably will fail as long as the global community continues to promote growth and consumption rather than reduce them. In addition, it is important to augment the number of educators, scientists, and engineers who live in developing countries, only about one in twenty of the worlds scientists and engineers live there.Without technical knowledge and expertise, the chances for most less-developed nations to achieve sustainable productivity are poor. All nations must be given the opportunity to explore multiple paths, consistent with their own social values, for making biod iverisity an indispensable ingredient of socioeconomic, cultural, and scientific development. Without the achievement of a stable global population and the implementation of social justice, it simply will not be possible to learn about, manage, preserve, and benefit from what is left of the worlds biodiversity.Understanding the connections between biodiversity, human institutions, and our semipermanent survival is the first step in learning to manage the biological resources of the planet Earth, our common home, for our mutual benefit. The sixth extinction is not inevitable. If humans are the cause, they can also be the solution. Conservation law in this country has taken a new turn, and in many ways atomic number 20 is wind the charge. The next decade will be an exciting and critical time for this state and the nation.The future of our natural resources and of our quality of life may well depend upon the choices and commitments we make over the next few years. If you travel the l ength or breadth of the state of atomic number 20, you experience its diversity as a progression of unadorned environments, each with characteristic plant species and climatic conditions. To highlight such contrasts, scientists have divided the state into large bioregions, each of which encompasses environments with broadly similar characteristics. A bioregion is itself a mosaic of unique aquatic and terrestrial environments-marshes, grasslands, woodlands, forests.calcium is composed of 11 major biogeographic areas, or bioregions. The great diversity of habitats within the state has allowed California to serve as a final refuge for species once dispersed throughout the West. The isolation provided by restricted habitats has allowed them to act not only as refuges, but also as centers of evolution for new species. Hence, California has a remarkably high degree of endemism of species found nowhere else in much the same way that an island often has endemic species. The two most imp ortant arbiters of Californias natural landscapes are its Mediterranean climate and its varied topography.These factors are interconnected landforms transform the climate, producing local variations in temperature and precipitation, and climate determines the nature and rate of erosion and soil deposition. Over eons, these and other factors have interacted to produce an amazing diversity of both landscapes and species. more(prenominal) than a third of the plants native to California are endemic, either evolving here in response to the continual opening up of new ecological niches, or finding refuge here after geologic change had altered their homelands. In California, population growth is obviously a direct cause of dispersion urbanization.New housing developments and freeways overwhelm woods, meadows, and chaparral, destroying unique habitats full of evolutionary novelties, placing many native plant and wildlife species in imminent danger of extinction. It is tempting to blame o ur problems on overpopulation. The California that once supported 300,000 native Americans is now teeming with about 31. 5 million inhaitants-and their automobiles. It may be that the states environment cannot support this many people, but we also should remember that incredible environmental damage had already been done when the states human population numbered 1 million or fewer.It may be more appropriate to look at the nature of our economic system, a system oriented toward and dependent upon continuous growth, and one that operates on the fixed assumptions that there are potentially unlimited resources at one end of our economic pipeline and, at the other, a bottomless sink for disposal of wastes. Of course, there is neither. The first inhabitants of California lived for centuries within the limits of their environment, and the Spanish and Mexican economy was oriented more toward stability than growth.Unfortunately, the get-rich-quick mentality of the Gold Rush pioneers who foll owed them continues to play a role in California even now. The view of the natural world as a place to live, and therefore to care for, has not held its own against the view of nature as something to exploit. We have reached our present dilemma Now we must balance the need to protect and maintain what is left of Californias once renowned biodiversity against the need to care for the well-being of its human population. Yet protecting nature is no longer merely an option the survival of humanity depends on the survival of our cohabitants on Earth.

Lab Report Essay

Heat it to 90 C and hold this temperature for 10 minutes. 2. Cool it to 50 C in a bath of ice water. 3. Shake the culture bacteria to free it from lumps and add to the milk. 4. Transfer the inoculated milk into the beaker or jar. Cover. 5. Incubate the milk for 4 hours at 43 to 46 degrees until clotted. Clotting of milk indicates the bacteria utilized the sugars and underwent fermentation. 6. Chill for 1 2 hours 7. Stir the yogurt to make the texture smooth. 8. Package and lease III. Results and Discussion Kind of Milk Taste Color Texture Smell Low- fat milk Yogurt-like Beige Smooth put to workFull-cream milk Very Sour Beige Thick Very sour In the table above, the reason why there were only 2 kinds of milk is because 2 groups used wiped out(p) fat milk and the other 2 used full-cream milk. As being compared from the table above, using full-cream milk caused the taste and the smell of the product (yogurt) to be superfluous sour. Yogurt is naturally sour because of the acid presen t in it. Also, the full-cream milk caused the texture to be thicker compared to the yogurt used with low-fat milk. Even though different kinds of milk were used, the color of the yogurt was the same, which was Beige.IV. Conclusion Based on the given results and discussion of the data, the characteristics (taste, color, texture, and smell) of the yogurt will depend on what kind of milk will be used for the yogurt making process. V. Recommended If one were to do the same experiment above, the group would recommend that they use low-fat milk to make their own yoghurt.

Describe and explain the value of industrial location models Essay

What is an industrial mend moulding? 51) A model is a mathematical representation that is apply to show why patterns have occurred, or to predict how things will occur in the future. A localisation principle model shows why certain things have adjudicated in certain spaces and aims to show where they will excavate in the future. An industrial muddle model therefore aims to show why persistence has located in the bea it has, and where it will locate in the future. The term assiduity includes primary, unessential, tertiary and quaternary sectors. All sides of industry can be incorporated in these models, this includes tertiary and primary as well as secondary employment, although most models atomic number 18 designed with manuf get alonguring specifically in mind.There are many types of industrial location model. Weber designed a model that showed where secondary manufacturing industry would locate based on the heaviness of crude(a) seculars used and the tip of the fin al product. Smith (1971) built an alternative to Webers model, which is more than updated and takes into account new types of transport and industries other than secondary. There are excessively models such as the behavioural matrix which attempt to show what type of companies are more likely to choose the optimum location for their business.Describe and explain the value of industrial location models 202) A model of industrial location lay forward by Alfred Weber in 1909 assumes that industrialists choose a least-cost location for the development of new industry. The possibility is based on a number of assumptions. Weber assumes that there is a flat relief, uniform transport, culture, climate, jab costs, political and economic system, and that trades are of fixed size and location. It is also assumed that transport costs are proportional to the weight of the corkings and the distance covered by the goods, and that perfect competition exists. One of the main assumptions is tha t raw sensibles are either ubiquitous or localised. Ubiquitous raw corporals are found everywhere and are evenly distributed, and therefore would affect industrial location e.g. water and clay.Localised raw materials are non evenly distributed. Weber suggested that raw materials and markets would attract the location of an industry due to transport costs. Industries with a lofty material index would be pulled towards the raw material. Industries with a emit material index would be pulled towards the market. The material index is calculated by dividing the total weight of raw materials by the total weight of the holy product. A material index of much greater than 1 indicates that there is a loss of weight during the manufacturing process for example butter making. The factory should therefore locate near to the raw material.A material index of less than 1, where weight is gained during manufacturing, would locate near to the market. An index of less than 1 could be achieved by an industry using largely ubiquitous materials, like water, as in the brewing industry. Once a least-cost location has been established through the material index, Weber considers the effect of labour costs in deflecting industry away from the least cost location. Isodapanes are constructed to determine the area within which an industry can locate without losing cash. The critical isodapane is the greatest distance an industry can locate from the least-cost location without losing money.If a source of crummy labour lies within an isodapane below the critical isodapane, it would be more valueable to choose the site with low labour costs rather than the least transport costs location. Weber also takes into account agglomeration of industries, the model suggests that some factories locate within critical isodapanes of other factories, to share resources labour and transport costs. Webers model doesnt relate well to modern conditions. This is because it doesnt take into account many modern developments such as reduced costs of transport and government intervention. Weber assumes a lot of things that in reality wouldnt be found e.g. perfect knowledge of the market, and physical geography is ignored. Weber also ignores changes in costs and sources of raw materials over time.Overall Webers model is largely applicable to heavy industries moreover.In 1971 David Smith provided an alternative to Webers model of industrial location. Smith suggested that as receiptss could be made anywhere where the total income is greater than total costs, then although there is a point of maximum profit, there would be a larger area where output signal is possible and profit is still made. Smith suggested that industries rarely located at the least-cost location, but more often at a sub optimum and practical location.He suggested that this was due to imperfect knowledge about production and market demand, imperfect decision makers, who can be influenced by other factors, or may no t act rationally, or a government policy, which may tempt industry to locate in areas of uplifted unemployment or development areas. Smiths model takes into account all types of transport although a invoice margin of profitability is rarely produced in real life. Where Webers model can only be used for secondary manufacturing Smiths model can easily be special to include all types of industry. However Smiths model is based entirely on money and other factors such as employees needs are not taken into account.The UK bid and steel production is a good example of industrial location compared to Weber and Smiths models. Before the 1600s, bid making was found near to outcrops of ore, where there were plenty of trees, e.g. Forest of Dean, because transport was poor and they were unable to impact raw materials large distances. This fits Webers model because adjure making would have a material index of greater than one, due to iron ore being much greater in weight than the iron produ ced as the finished product.However Webers model says that a resource such as trees will be ubiquitous, which is not the case here. After 1700 coke began to be used to smelt iron more efficiently. The new furnaces were located near coalmines, where coal would have been the heaviest raw material to transport e.g. Sheffield and mho Wales. This fits Webers model. Today the coalmines have run out, but the industry hasnt relocated because good transport systems mean that ores and coal can be transported in from abroad. This complies with Smiths model because profit has been made in a sub optimum location. Other reasons for the iron and steel industry remain in the same areas are large amounts of labour and agglomeration, which are covered in Webers model.

Wellness Techniques Effective In Increasing Students Wellbeing Education Essay

In a non tantamount pretest-posttest control stem taste, participants in the data-based gathering were subjected to easyness proficiencys such as mouthful, sharing of savoured minutes in catswelled headry, gratitude daybook authorship, cognitive dis pamphletion witticismh the employ of wit, and muniment job work bying activities. Control assort standard no inclusion body of health techniques in their regular catswelled headry treatment. The consequences showed that there were no important differences amid the control and experimental group crossways Hope, Life Satisfaction and Depression tonss. Other findings showed that males tend to pick out(a) a conclave of cognitive astonishment and tasting techniques, while females tend to prefer a combination of tasting, gratitude and job resolvent and end puting techniques. Results suggest a focussed health technique and some considerations hum somebodyal, environmental or trail related factors that might confuse th e consequences of the experiment.Fusss and emphasis are inevitable for a graduating college schoolchild. Accomplishments of excessively many demands every bit good as go toing to separate tame-related activities are tenseness roll uping. Student s resiliency is tested, wherein get bying and hardiness serves as resources to endorse them up during time of insomniac darks and pressured check demands.Several old ages since the demonstrable psychological science addressed the demand to render and keep compulsive establishments that ord personal supply and heighten its stakeholders well macrocosm and character strengths. School is one of the social establishments where pupils learn both schoolmanian, social accomplishments, and even emotion ordinance. Research on wellbeing in inform specifically methods to heighten wellbeing are in scarceness.Larson ( 2000 ) mentioned that pupils bribes have lack of overconfident development and non a mere indi after partt of terrible ps ychological jobs. He encourages seek thespians to research factors that may lend to pupils wellbeing. In the context of school aged kids and striplings Diener and Diener ( 1996 ) found out that even pupils feel stressed about school plants they even rated themselves as positively happy. These consequences were replicated by several researches across civilizations ( states such as Australia, Portugal, China, Canada, Spain, and Korea ) and found the identical self-evaluations among pupils.The present written report purposes to research possible government agencys to heighten pupils wellbeing specifically spirit felicity and swear. The research focal point on the bio graphy cheer of pupils in schools specifically their varied activities, and challenges as they strive to complete their college instruction.Students life satisfaction in schoolLife satisfaction in general is the perceptual go through of a quality of life that involves, of class, a cognitive assessment ( Huebn er, Suldo, & A Mcknight, 2004 ) . Both positive and ostracize experiences straight affect pupils life satisfaction and day-to-day experiences affect the life satisfaction in general. Gilman ( 2001 ) pointed out that pupil s school s life satisfaction was positively related to pupils active dispute in assorted extracurricular activities that the school may hold. He added that pupils who participated good in assorted school activities do hold higher school life satisfaction as compared to those who do nt take part.Suldo, Shafer and Riley ( 2008 ) identify that pedagogues deficiency of tending to pupils wellbeing may be given a focal point instead of strictly academic accomplishment. Their revue of literature determine cardinal points to see in analyzing factors for pupil satisfaction, foremost, perceptual experience of societal defend such as the academic staffs, general feeling of satisfaction with school, and blend, academic ego construct. Suldo, Shafer and Riley ( 2008 ) tested a theoretical account in foretelling school life satisfaction. The way theoretical account revealed that parental engagement in school every bit good as student-teacher kindred contributes to life satisfaction. School satisfaction is of import because happy pupils tend to demo positive interpersonal relationship with classmates and school staffs and at the resembling clip works collaboratively with others.Academic HopeHopeful pupils are expected to gestate ends and will develop different schemes to make those ends beyond sing school life satisfaction. Snyder and Lopez ( 2002 ) defined fancy as a strength-based concept that is divided into both tract and agentic thought that makes hope cognitive and motivational. Low hope pupils are utter to be more dying during fellowship activities and trial pickings activities. Low hope persons are more likely to demo sself-doubt and negative brooding manner that interferes with analyzing and using what they learned from school ( Sn yder, 1999 ) . On the other terminal, pupils with higher hope reported good academic standing, good correlated with positive job resolution and other school related accomplishments ( Chang, 1998 ) .Enhancing pupils life satisfaction and hopePersonal academic beliefs and its positive relationship with life satisfaction can be used as a anchor for an interposition for rise school life satisfaction. In the research of Chang, Mcbride-Chang, Stewart and Au ( 2003 ) giving importance to pupil s academic abilities, valuing school as of import to one s ends, betterment in student-teacher relationship, and person s ego ordinance in academic force per unit areas increase pupil s good being in school.On the other manus, Bouwkamp ( 2001 ) developed a school hope plan that which utilized both mark and cosmopolitan hope techniques to increase hope. It was delivered in group based attack which aims to better pupil s hopeful thought.Developing pupil s tract thought and agentic thoughtSnyder, Lop ez, Shorey, Rand and Feldman ( 2003 ) suggested that end scene activities and able to end up ends to smaller ends and measuring the likeliness that pupils can consecutive work on it helps better tract thought. Agentic thought can be improved by maintaining a daybook that identifies negative self-scripts and overcritical ego books and so learning pupils to replace them with positive and productive ideas. In add-on, Snyder, Mcdermott ( 2002 ) mentioned that hopeful kids frequently draw upon their ain memories of positive experiences during hard times. By reminiscing positive and good feeling or elating narratives they create a positive personal ego.Wellness techniques to heighten wellbeingTo stress what was specified in the literature on life satisfaction and trust the research worker gathered several literature that was through empirical observation proven to increase inherent well-being and on the other terminal functioning the suggestions of Snyder ( 2003 ) for hope and Chang ( 2003 ) for life satisfaction.It was mentioned in the literature that addition in life satisfaction is dependent on the frequence of experience of positive affect and hope bureau and tracts are sensitive to job work outing activities and reminiscing positive experiences, Lyubormisky, Sousa and Dickerhoof ( 2006 ) research on authorship and speaking about positive experiences can be used to heighten subjective good being concepts. Those two academic basic accomplishments tend to hold characteristics of forming, incorpo order and analysing jobs and issues which the chief conception is to necessitate forth solutions to jobs. Emmons and McCullough ( 2003 ) found benefits on composing activities specifically daily and hebdomadal exercisings. Bryant s ( 2003 ) on the other manus give importance to tasting positive experiences, and reminiscing good feeling minutes are said to be related to increase in subjective well being.Langston ( 1994 ) identified capitalisation as a term to depict wh y people tend to utilize and remain with positive experiences and emotions because they get something out from it, it makes one heighten their emotional wellbeing. There are different ways to capitalise and remain or hang on with experiences and sharing and continous speaking about the subject are two basic techniques. Smith, Caprariello, Tsai, Rodriquez, and Maniaci ( 2010 )In line with authorship and tasting experiences, Emmons and McCullough ( 2003 ) posited that when we exercise gratitude and counting approvals it will most likely put the person in a pleasant temper body politic. In their experimental survey, experimental group participants who received gratitude conditions were well satisfied, felt more optimism, and felt connected with other people.A survey on cognitive distraction is said to be SWB heightening. ( Strick, Holland, new wave Baaren, & A van Knippenberg, 2009 ) used wit as support or get bying with negative feelings. Cann, Calhoun and Nance ( 2000 ) identified that with the exposure of experimental participants to humour it instantly rock-bottom negative temper and participants were able to alter their perceptual experience of their undertaking from tiring to interesting.MethodThe survey was a quantitative and experimental design, specifically and non tantamount pretest and posttest control group design was utilized. The survey aims to heighten hope, and life satisfaction tonss.Participants4 subdivisions participated in this survey, while merely 2 subdivisions where utilized for the experiment and the combined subdivisions for the designation of technique tastings. The experimental group ( n = 37 ) are control group ( n = 35 ) where identified as the mark group for the survey ( Mean age = 18 ) . They volunteered in the experimental without getting anything in return as stipulated in the consent signifier. The staying 2 subdivisions are for study intents on technique penchants.ProcedureThe experiment will run for 4 hebdomads which is a month calendar, with each session length of 2 hours with schoolroom treatment for the experimental group and control group. Differences in direction where given via the inclusion of health techniques for the experimental group, while no inclusion of health techniques for the control group. Students are non familiar with the techniques included in category treatment and non even cognizant of the alteration in activities. Students were given adequate information that they can choose non to go to the last 4 subdivisions of the topic because their classs are already finished. Those who stayed for a reappraisal and rating of the faculties can remain.The first session started with a pretesting of hope graduated table, life satisfaction graduated table, and low graduated table for both experimental and control group. Inclusion session started merely for experimental group with a missive giving activity design to give grateful letters to schoolmates in category for an experience that they think they truly need to state thank you to their schoolmates. Students will portion their experiences to category afterwards. The intent of which is to supply pupils venue to show gratitude and experience being thanked for action done in the yesteryear. The second inclusion for the session is wit ( cognitive distraction ) the category is divided into two groups and from a root name they will add postfixs and prefixes to do the root word evolved into assorted meaningful words ( normally geminate barreled words ) . The intent of the activity is to supply distraction and promote happy minutes with the group.The 2nd session inclusion involves Gratitude showing and maintaining a gratitude diary for one hebdomad. Students were educated how to maintain and compose gratitude diary to be submitted following meeting ( full notes ) each person in the experimental group is necessary to subject a day-to-day gratitude note via electronic mail to the research worker. The 2nd portion of the inc lusion is to see a film cartridge holder that encourages positive thought, optimism and assertiveness.The 3rd session inclusion includes the reappraisal of the gratitude diary, and placing one major happy minute worth maintaining in the diary for holding a sincerely good positive emotion and being able to portion it in category. The research worker taught the experimental group how to place their tasting minutes and maintain it in any event in the diary to be shared out by following meeting in category. The last inclusion for the 3rd session was a wit activity where pupils were participants were tasked to reply uncovering inquiries in a bowl. The intent of the activity is to supply personal contemplation and cognitive distraction in a manner express joying at ain faulty actions before.The fourth session inclusion includes the groupings and sharing of single positive experiences deserving reminiscing, and what makes it truly deserving reminiscing. Each group reported in category factors what made each individual in category wanted to adore good minutes in life. The 2nd inclusion activity is more on job resolution and consecutive narrative where participants are asked to do a large circle and tasked to lend to the narrative of a hopeless miss named Maria. Discussion on internal versus external venue of control ends the activity for the last portion. Immediately after the session a posttest was administered to the experimental group. It is expected that the control group have the same agenda of posttest pickings.Datas analysisA manova was used to see the differences of each tonss across dependent variables among two groups. A multidimensional rate was used from the gathered information among 2 subdivisions who experienced the inclusion by replying a penchant questionnaire.Consequences and DiscussionThe present survey aims to place if there will be a grade alteration on hope, life satisfaction, and depression tonss among experimental and control group which means placing efficaciousness of inclusion of health techniques.Table 1.Meanss and measuring divergence valuesDVPre/PostE/CMeterStd. DevNitrogenDepressionPostC17.528.5225Tocopherol13.007.2328 total15.138.1453PreC18.528.3625Tocopherol17.397.91328Entire17.928.0753HopePostC50.765.0225Tocopherol51.715.6328Entire51.265.3253PreC49.685.8225Tocopherol51.433.6528Entire50.604.8353Life SatisfactionPostC26.204.42525Tocopherol26.864.7928Entire26.554.5953PreC24.804.9925Tocopherol26.394.3728Entire25.644.7053Descriptive statistics shows that the figure of both experimental and control groups s participants decreased due to dropping of attending ( mortality ) . Comparing the pretest average tonss of each group showed that pretest consequences for hope, life satisfaction and depression are non equal. later on the inclusion tally of health techniques merely the average tonss of depression in the posttest for the experimental group dropped from a pretest M = 17.39 to posttest depression M = 13.00.Tab le 2Trial of Between-Subjects EffectssPre/PostDepression get together states occult service192. 06df1Multiple induration192.06F3.00Sig..087HopeUnited states secret service12.32df1Multiple sclerosis12.32F.48Sig..491LiterUnited states secret service22.95df1Multiple sclerosis22.95F1.06Sig..305ECDepressionUnited states secret service210.60df1Multiple sclerosis210.60F3.28Sig..073HopeUnited states secret service48.24df1Multiple sclerosis48.24F1.87Sig..174LiterUnited states secret service33.43df1Multiple sclerosis33.43F1.55Sig..216Sig. 0.017In comparing pretest and posttest consequences to uncover the effectuality of the inclusion of the health techniques in schoolroom treatment versus the non inclusion of the control group, it shows that across dependent variables and across groups there are no important differences. It means that the inclusion of the health techniques that was used in the survey was nt effectual in heightening hope, life satisfaction and diminishing the depression score s among participants in the experimental group. Wilks lamda is non important.Figure 1Wellness technique penchants of male pupilsFigure 1 showed that in the informations gathered from the penchant study of n = 33, male pupils who exposed to inclusion of health techniques in category identified that vagary activity 1 and tasting / sharing activities uplifted their positive temper province for a hebdomad. The graph showed bunch of B and E with a emphasis = .004 which is good.Figure 2Wellness technique penchants of female pupilsDatas gathered from N = 35, female pupils who were exposed to the inclusion of the health techniques in category identified bunchs GH ( romance of Maria and Dilemma Worksheet ) and DE ( Gratitude diary and Savouring/Sharing activities ) in elating their positive temper province for a hebdomad with a emphasis = .000 which is good.In the given findings identified it is good to observe that health techniques might hold lagged behind some of the factors that contri bute to the frequence of more Negative affect to pupils. maunder that during the clip of experiment it was besides the clip where pupil prepare for finals and other demands. It is besides extremely suggested to abridge merely on one health techniques alternatively of incorporating all three sorts of health techniques in the experiment viz. , cognitive distraction, tasting, and gratitude journal and problem-goal scene. Even though depression tonss were minimized it is non significantly considered in the research. dampen is another construct where pupil can really take to minimise positive affect in stead of a more ambitious experience or hazard to come. It is extremely recommended that research worker should command possible menaces such as personality, self esteem, stifling, and timing of the experiment.The bunch of the health techniques per gender penchants showed how intercession can be retroflex for the following research and inform others about gender penchants on the usage o f health techniques. It shows that misss appreciate the usage of problem-solving end scene every bit good as the narrative of Maria which is really taps hope agentic and tracts, and at the same clip opted for the tasting and gratitude activities which taps capitalisation and care of positive affect. On the other manus male pupils prefer wit activity which I think is less nerve-racking for them because they do nt exercise attempt to compose and maintain and diary which is besides a male issue ( revelation ) but they do be given to appreciate the tasting experiences as portion of heightening their well being. A form among gender showed that tasting and sharing positive things to others when others are attentive to what we portion provides both positive emotions to both gender.

Brother Dear

Brian Van-Huynh comrade Dear by Bernice Friesen In the short story Brother Dear, Bernice Friesen introduces the antagonistic relationship a pargonnt and child share when they do not see centerfield to eye in terms of success. Greg and his father struggle through ruggedy as Greg is caught in the midst of what his father wants him to do as appose to what he wants for himself. The engagement that exists between Greg and his Father proves that parents should allow their children to fail and follow their dreams, rather than forcing them upon their own wishes.In addition, the author suggests that success sewer come in various forms, scarce each form is unique to each person. Therefore when parents deny their kids ambition to achieve something, they all nominate dissatisfaction and despair. This story takes place when Greg comes home from university, where his Dad had paid for his tuition, and had planned for Greg to study law. Sharlene, who is in grade 11, parallels the conflict between the ideals of success based on her brother and father. She is caught between two contrasting approaches on deportment where agreeing with her father or supporting her brother Greg are her only options.Greg is introduced to be a rebellious typesetters case that does not take orders from anyone. This does not meet his fathers standards for he is strict and controlling when it comes to planning his childrens future. When Gregs father discovers that he has chosen a different course of study in life, he is savage. Not only does this create a predicament between two individuals but also draws in the whole family as it becomes the topic of discussion. In reference to the above, the pressure that Gregs father puts on him makes him feel meaningless because he has chosen to do what he wants to do rather than following in his fathers footsteps.Gregs father claims he is lazy, has no drive, and no ambition to do well in school (Friesen 4), this only forces Greg away from caring abo ut school and creates resentment towards his father who constantly puts him down. What the family does not notice is that Greg does not want to paseo a narrow road, but to be free and do what he is passionate for. When Greg lashes back axiom that his family is too materialistic and wastes money on unnecessary items, his passion is revealed and portrayed through his actions and words.In addition to what creates a sense of individuality seen in Greg is the conversation at the dinner table. When brought up by his Father, Greg mentions that he no longer eats meat because hes a vegetarian. He lets his family know he did not go to exams because he skipped it to go to a protest in Edmonton. Greg also tells his family of how he isnt going back to school, and that hes going to hand his summer planting trees. These three prime examples give the reader a strong sense that Greg has a lot of motivation and ambition.By skipping his exam, it is proven that planting trees or protesting is not ju st a hobby of Gregs but more of a lifestyle. Towards the end, Greg asks a simple question before he leaves Is that all my family can ever do? Point out whats wrong with me? (Friesen 6) it is this question that makes Sharlene wondrous. This question further supports the beginning of conflict between two individuals who dont see eye to eye, because many parents think they are always right. Greg is simply doing what he loves, and this is not up to par with his father and considered irresponsible. Be something. Be something. Thats all I ever get from Dad (Frieson 5), this sentence describes how his father is always demanding Greg to do something he sees as successful, such as going to university and earning a degree. Nevertheless, Greg believes that he is old enough to make his own decisions and benefit from them. When Sharlene asks, So you never want to be anything? (Friesen 6) as if Greg is never going to be successful, Greg is enraged because his perspective on life is the opposite of what his dads is.It is evident that although he is not going to follow his fathers path of success, he will still be successful, but in his own eyes. Lastly, Frieson proves it can be difficult for parents to allow their children to follow their own dreams, risking the relationship between parent and child. Greg shares his knowledge of life with his sister Sharlene and unneurotic they come to an understanding that you live life to bring joy upon yourself, not to please the others around you. In the end, Greg has defined his own success, which links his ambition and passion to dictate his own life.

Budget

What are the macro economic effects of the calculate design Movements and shifts of the curve 7. Conclusion 9 8. References O 5. 2 . 6. 2 The first farewell of the assignment discusses the economic tenets and criteria for a assessing a good cypher suggestion for any country. Section 3 discusses macroeconomic objectives of a budget, region of political science and how it intervenes, tools available to disposal and the practical considerations (lags in the effects of fiscal policy) The next part of the assignment the team selected the 2009 South African budget device and listed all revenue and expenditure proposal 2.What is a budget proposal Bedpan describes a budget as a blueprint for the nation, expressing the objectives and aspirations for the present and future for by the party in power. Mohr describes the budget is an instrument of the fiscal policy and determines the level and composition of giving medication spending(G) and appraiseation(T). The Keynesian school of t hought proposes that fiscal policy to be the most instrumental policy to make up ones mind total spending or aggregate demand (AD).He lists the four functions of the budget as Used to patch up priorities Serves to estimate specific public programmed, reviewing the states activities annually used to increase economic growth and impact on development A system of accountability and controls over government officials and agencies, setting limits on their activities and safeguarding against corruption pliant four groups of people involved in the national budget of South Africa and their roles in brief with wish to the budget are listed in the table below The cabinet Controls the most critical decisions on the tryst of public funds Civil servants Play put uping roles by providing information to politicians responsible for decision do Members of parliamentActs as the defender of the public interest through its constitutional right to question reasons and feasibility Of all(prenom inal) aspect Of the budget The public Through organizations like Noose, interest groups, community based organizations and other bodies yield the voice of all members not directly involved in the budget process 3. Assessing government budget proposal 3. 1 Economic principles and criteria of good budgets The first step in determining economic principle and criteria for good budgets involves identifying what the budget proposal should achieve in terms of macroeconomic objectives. Mohr et al lists the following as the main macroeconomic objectives that can be used to judge a good performance of the sparing Economic growth Full employment Price stability Balance of giftments (or external stability) Equitable statistical distribution of income Efficiency T.Manuel in delivering his 2009 South African figure speech , emphasized the following five principles defend the poor Sustaining employment growth and expanding training opportunities Building economic capacity and promoting invest ment Addressing the barriers to competitiveness that limit an equitable sharing of opportunities And maintaining a sustainable debt level that would not constrain our development tomorrow Mohr recognizes that the unblock market system allocates resources in the best possible way. However he also acknowledges that at generation market failure occurs where the market system does not achieve efficient allocation Of resources.The market systems failures occurs in the following cases Monopoly and imperfect competition Public goods Externalities Asymmetric information Common property resources Moors summary of governments role is summarized on the table below Role Aim Allocation function Correcting market failure and achieving a more efficient allocation of resources Distributive function Achieving more acceptable distribution of income Stabilization Promoting macroeconomic stability 3. 2. 1 How does government intervene The table below shows the five intervention options and examples o f each that the government can use to achieve the above roles Intervention Examples Public provision of goods and services through willpower or financing National Defense, hospitals, Eskimo, prisons Becoming a market participant Through price stability, income redistribution, politics spendingTransfer kick inments to change income distribution Taxation Personal Income Tax Regulation Labor laws, competition policy, anti-tobacco laws 3. Practical considerations Lags in the effects of fiscal policy Recognition lags Implementation lags Response lags (603,608) Therefore a good budget takes into cognoscente the macroeconomic objectives, address issues relating to market failures and takes steps address the needs of society and the scarce available resources. A good budget should also take into considerations the effects of lags in typefaces policy. 4. 2009 South African Budget proposal The group selected the 2009 South African Budget proposal. The budget speech was delivered by the Fin ance minister Mr.. misgiving Manuel on the 1 lath February 2009.The table below is a list the budget revenue and expenditure proposals Budget revenue proposals Budget expenditure proposals Taxes on income and profits Source National Treasury 2009 Budget check over Statistical Table 2 and Table 3 5. Theory on economic principle of uprightness As stated in the preceding section, tax is one Of the instrumental tool available to government to achieve its roles of allocation and distributive unctions mainly through taxation. The criteria for a good tax proposal is that it must meet the following conditions Neutrality Equity Administrative simplicity We now focus our attention and evaluate tax relief with reference to the criteria of equity.Case and Fair refers to equity as fairness. Under this principle tax loading is distributed fairly. Two theories of equity or fairness exists. These are 15, 16, 17 Benefits-received principles Ability-to pay principle 381 Under the benefits-recei ved principle, taxpayers should change to overborne in proportion to the benefits they receive from public expenditures. This theory of fairness does not receive popular support as it is not possible to determine the value that taxpayers receive from public expenditures. The other theory of taxation, ability-to pay principle states that taxpayers should bear tax burdens in line with their ability to pay taxes. 5. 1.Discuss vertical and horizontal equity. 17 In terms of tax revenue collected by government, horizontal equity relates to the concept of tax neutrality. It defines that the tax system should not criminate between similar things or people, or unduly strain behavior . Len other words, the people with a similar ability to pay taxes should pay the same or similar amounts. Vertical equity usually refers to the idea that people with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay more. However, to those that believe in a flat tax, the idea of vertical equity could mean that the loa ded should not be punished for their success by paying higher taxes than others.