Enterprise Target Status Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Enterprise Target experimental condition - Research Paper ExampleThe implementation of internal cyberspace is also hidden behind routers. all in all firewalls and routers make also been protected with passwords only known to employee from network administration department (Lammle, 2007). Network in demand(p) status There is a need to ensure that the software that is being adopted is shared amongst the mixed departments. . ERP handles all the activities that are done in the human resource department using integrated software. Its principal(a) function is to en commensurate the exchange of information between all the sections in the department. It also gives an opportunity to the employees to regard their status concerning payment, personal information, tax information and employment data. More so, the system has a make use ofr gracious interface which enables the user to complete the intended task with a lot of simplicity. In addition, the system is able to track all the deta ils about the employees vacation automatically using a hurtle planner (Porter, 2010). The role that is played by a good network in the company cannot be underrated since without it, varied computers that support the system cannot communicate with each other and with the database server. There are three network components that are used to automate a business. These are the network operating system, the physical connection and the screening components (Ross, Weill, & Robertson, 2006). Network operating system is the suitable operating protocol that facilitates communication. The sending and receiving of information is made affirmable by the NOS. It is the software that manages the exchange of data between the client computer and the server. The ability of the server to meet large number of client computers and enable them to exchange data and information is due to the presence of suitable NOS (Saha, 2007). The network operating system that is used in the in the department uses TC P/IP (transfer statement protocol/internet protocol). The most common NOS are UNIX, Windows NT server, Linux, and OS WARP server. One issue that has been snarled for most business organizations is the creation and maintenance of opening-wide engineering architecture. This case is currently seen in most organizations that have been analyzed before. When middleware options began to proliferate so did companies in their use of web technologies with integrated systems. However, creating web instituted e-business systems that respond to this quarrel are complex. This means that companies have to struggle to integrate diverse and unique databases and applications that are developed in diverse languages. This means that the organization had to acquire diverse middleware systems. This will be done to respond to enterprise application integration as a major challenge in its enterprise architecture do by (Porter, 1985). The organizations will have to establish and maintain a neutral grou nd with respect to the nature if technology architecture that is compatible to enterprise-wide technology architecture. It embraces all information technology issues in the organization, which encompasses technical, informational, application and infrastructural architecture. This is the reason why the companies will have to adopt common object request broker architecture (CORBA) to integrate different languages in an intermediary (Buchanan, 2002). In conclusion, enterprise architecture helps companies or business organizations become effective with the use of information techn

Finance in Hospitality Industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Finance in Hospitality Industry - Assignment ExampleFor some it might be a source of income trance for others a source of joy. However the proposed restaurant is far from coming into being because of the absence of the budget take for the setting up of the restaurant from construction to serving the customers. The issue at hand is that the restaurant lead require, according to a risk estimate, about thirty 1000 pounds to start its services from the point of the buying of land for the restaurant. However, on five gram pounds are available for the vomit and in that location are no assured sources of funding for the project. The quoted standard of thirty thousand pounds ordain provided supply for the running of operations for the first few months of the restaurant services and does non cater for any financial risks. The five thousand pounds available for use must be utilized in the most effective way possible, even if that means using the money to acquire the required amount of funding for the project. The location that has been selected for the restaurant lies in Leyton, East London. The restaurant is aimed at serving a part of the local biotic community of the London Borough of Newham though there will be offerings to cater to the taste of good deal of altogether backgrounds. Hence it might be a good idea to solicit some funds from the local community of Newham as there is some value in the restaurant for that community. Newham residents are very hospitable in general because of the deprivation for cohesion among the people of different races and origins living there. And it would be unsurprising if the residents are buoyed by the prospect of a restaurant opening in their area that is being set up specifically to serve the people of Newham. Also the Member of the British Parliament from the Newham area is very fond of supporting food-related projects from projects pertaining to feeding the unforesightful to televised programs discussing lavish re gional specialities. Therefore the most preferred source of funding should be the local community of Newham. It is to be realized though that this project is not a charity project, hence the method of climax the public and the rationale for asking for funding should be different from those usually adopted for welfare projects. That is not to say that the project does not contain an element of welfare for the community of Newham at all, but the fundamental impetus behind the setting up of the restaurant is commercial. As stated earlier, the restaurant would need only thirty thousand pounds for the first few months of operation, by a rough estimate, even if it does not impart in any profit for the owner and only caters for the costs of running. However, in order to keep the proposed amount of funding for the restaurant low, it is planned that the restaurant would not need any more money and will fund itself from the profit it makes after the initial funding of thirty thousand pound s. The figure of thirty thousand pounds is not a big one if it is contributed to by a large number of people. Hence the poll taker does not have to ask for too much money from the Newham residents and chipping in with small amounts is all the members of the public will have to do to fund the plan, given that the number of people who chip into the project is sufficiently large. Therefore pamphlets explaining the restaurant proposal and asking for fundin

Excavation of an early Christian catacomb- Catacomb of Priscilla Research Paper

Excavation of an early Christian catacomb- Catacomb of Priscilla - Research Paper ExampleOne of the most phenomenon impressions presents the oldest-known image of Mary the mother of Jesus. The image depicts her nurse the Infant Jesus. This painting that emphasizes on the Key figure in Christianity-Jesus-clearly explains the significant role of Jesus in the Christian hi legend. The significant of the image is that it gives an idea that Christianity has been in existence as early as the second century. This gives confidence to Christians of the existence of their faith based on the painting that were created very some years ago. Further, the painting of Jesus and her mother serves as an evidence of some biblical perspectives. In this case, the painting can be taken to represent some fact as the prowessist who put together the piece of art must have been existing during the time of Jesus.The catacomb of Priscilla also has a depiction of the Annunciation. The piece of art in the cata comb explains the misadventure of the announcement of the manifestation by the angel Gabriel to Mary the mother of Jesus. The piece of art is correspond as a ceremony festival commemorating this incident. According to the painting, an angle is seen appearing to Mary to progress announcement of the birth of Jesus. Similarly, this piece of art found in the Catacomb of Priscilla is significant as it gives confirmation that the incident took place according to the records in the Bible. Art, being a reflection tool in the society, clearly shows that the story of Jesus was very much told during the time. The societies in the 2nd Century totally embraced the Kingship of Jesus and hence the many art work on the subject, (Neiman 15)In our societies today, every person is looking for proof and evidence on various incidents that are explained in the Bible. As such, various sections of the Bible have been challenged by scholars and philosophers concerning their

Summary of Peer Reviews of the Protagnonsts on Frankenstein Essay

Summary of Peer Reviews of the Protagnonsts on Frankenstein - try on ExampleThe thread depicts that these protagonists atomic number 18 similar, because they all covet something that is missing in their lives, but having what they want does non make them happy at all, and instead, they have lost everything in the end. The majority of the class chord that schoolmaster and Frankenstein are similar in many ways, where the creator and created become one in motivations and consequences. master copy and Frankenstein are the same, because of their thirst for knowledge. Several students assert that Victor is hungry for knowledge, so he yearns to learn the ultimate knowledge, the major power to create life like a God. At the same time, Frankenstein shares the same need for additional knowledge. akin his master, however, the further he learns, the to a greater extent he realizes how physically revolting he is and how little happiness and credence he can find in human society. The iron y is that the more these protagonists acquire knowledge, the more base they become. Keri stresses the irony of both learning the highest kind of knowledge and still ending up being more miserable because of it At the apex of his learning, when he discovers the genesis of life, he becomes most miserable. The same excessively happens to Frankenstein. ... Victors and Frankensteins self-loathing in addition leads to destructive paths that have destroyed them and the people around them. Victor and the heavyweight are also comparable, because of their self-loathing for the consequences of their actions. Victor lives in agony, because he knows that his poor choices have caused tragedy for his family and himself. The monster also loathes himself and Victor, so he acts against his masters family instead. Frankensteins loathing can be seen as a spillover of Victors loathing, and this vicious cycle harms Victor to a greater extent as the refreshful progresses. Darci makes an interesting p oint when she highlights the difference between Victor and Frankensteins self-loathing. For her, Victor brought his misery upon himself, while Frankenstein was a victim of his creator and other external circumstances. In the end, Victor is still the main person to be blamed for the tragedy in their lives. Several students react on Keris observation that Walton and Frankenstein are also similar, because they both need companionship due to their loneliness, and yet they do not find anyone who can truly be there for them as friends. Keri focuses on the similarity between Walton and Frankenstein, which other students have not pointed out, because the last mentioned both need someone to love and they similarly look up to Victor to end their loneliness. Stephen and Raymond agree with Keri that loneliness is a primary similarity for Walton and the monster, while Randall and Taylor note the importance of looking not all at what characters look like, but also what they want. Their driving force for companionship

Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Drugs - Essay ExampleFurther the report states that prolonged drug rib can lead to participation in crime. Most crimes are committed when the criminal in on a lower floor the influence of drugs or needs funds for drugs. College students remain vulnerable because of crime which is perpetrated under the influence of drugs. one-half of the sexual assaults that occur on campus are by people influenced by drugs. Drugs have known to stir the personality of people as normal and calm people can become irrational under the influence. This paper analyzes the psychological and sociological basis of drug abuse.Sociology attempts to answer the phenomenon of drug abuse by use three perspectives. The first theory is known as the conflict perspective which states that golf-club is a sustained state of change which results in competition. An early(a) perspective is that of functionalism which says that society consists of segments which are linked with each other and serve a function (Campo, 2 005). The final perspective of sociology is about symbolic interactionism which studies about the affect of society on the individual. The conflict theory postulates that drug abuse is more rampant in poor areas because marginalized communities do not have legitimate means to earn money. They are forced to sell drugs to earn a good living. The functional theory believes that drug abuse occurs because they provide an escape for people who cannot cope with the jolting realities of life. Drug abuse creates jobs for people who do not have the necessary skills required in a legal work force. Symbolic interactionists believe that an individual may become a drug maltreater because of labels which denied them the opportunities. The individual in this case had to resort to drugs to survive. Conflict theory further states that drug abuse creates opportunities for legal philosophymakers to operate the poor (Devlin, 2006). Functionalists would point out that drug abuse creates more jobs for people in the field of law enforcement. It also creates

Role of a Student Nurse in Higher Education and Future Healthcare Essay

Role of a Student Nurse in high Education and Future Health sell - Essay ExampleAs the discussion declaresthere is a motivation to change the nursing practice in the transformation of the health care system. Nurses find themselves in providing care to people from diverse cultures. In addition, technological advancements in the medical field present new give-and-take approaches.From the report it is clear thatthe current transformation of Health Care demands that nurses take up more roles and responsibilities in the lodge. For suit, nurses are required to develop their leadership skills to advocate for improved services. Nurses are also required to collaborate with other medical practitioners in the provision of quality care. Currently, nurses have been engaged in many changes. For example in 2010, the NHS England engaged nurses and other practitioners in the development of a new approach to patient care. The quislingism involved 269 groups of nurses together with other practit ioners, who provided recommendations on how to bring care closer to the people in the society according to NHS England. The NHS England has recommended several approaches to care to bridge the gap between cheap and affordable care in the society.Nurses in their professional careers are required to be committed to their role in providing care and ensuring the offbeat of patients. The value of competence requires professional nurses to be up to date with knowledge and understanding of the needs of the patients.

Foreign direct investment and Employment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Foreign civilize gradement funds and Employment - Essay ExampleMirza (1998) states that social movement of labor and links with domestic subcontractors enable transmission of business culture, which involves corporate values, organizational coordinates and management practices (qtd. in Mickiewicz et al. 2000, p. 5). Michalet (1997, p.1) tells that over the last two decades, much and more developing countries have changed their attitude towards foreign direct investments that instead of fearing, limiting or even banning the entities, they have not only welcomed it but are competing to attract them.Foreign direct investment is an important source of external finance in transitional economies particularly those in Central Europe (Lansbury et al. 1996, p.104) as it helps to cover the current account dearth, fiscal deficit in case of privatization-related FDI, and supplements inadequate domestic resources to finance both ownership change and capital formation (Krkoska 2001, p.1). S ince 1988, well-nigh 70 per cent of FDI in transitional economies has been channeled into these countries. Deutsche Bank Research (EU Monitor 2005, p.14) reports that foreign direct investment in Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) rose almost tenfold between 1994 and 2003 - from USD 20 bn to USD 197 bn. It excessively reported that in terms of FDI in relation to GDP, there was an impressive increase from 6.9 per cent to 33.2 per cent.1 Lansbury et al. besides contend that FDIs may have played an important role in transforming the formerly centrally plan economies of Central and Eastern Europe as FDIs provide an important source of investment for modernizing the industrial bodily structure of these countries and improving the quality and reliability of infrastructure. Sader (2000, p.2) states that because public industrial structure have relatively low precedence for cost-effectiveness and profit generation which is the opposite for private firms, excess staffing and low-quality service provision results. FDIs, through private lenders and law investors, provided infrastructure services around the world through full-scale privatization of public sector entities, the construction of impertinent facilities with private capital on the basis of build-operate-transfer (BOT)-type investments, lease arrangements, and operation and management (O&M) contracts (Sader 2000, p.2). A study through with(p) by Dimelis and Lauri (2004) using Greek firms as samples confirms that an effect of foreign direct investment on phalanx economies is increases in productive efficiency. Lansbury et al. add that new investments may also bring badly needed skills and technologies into the waiter economy. Evidences compiled by Lane (1994) in Hungary show that multinational firms had a higher propensity to trade and invest than purely indigenous ones (qtd. in Lansbury et al. 1996, p.104). Foreign direct investment is important not only as generator of new employment but a lso as agent that can change the structure of employment in the direction that would be more favorable for a long-term growth of CEECs, that is, more likely to happen if FDI is diversified, according to Mickiewicz et al. (2000, p.7). In their study on the employment effects of FDI on four sample CEECs2, Mickiewicz et al. found out that foreign direct in

Comparative Analysis of Free Market Economy and Mixed Economy Essay

Comparative Analysis of Free Market Economy and merge Economy - Essay ExampleThe essay Comparative Analysis of Free Market Economy and mixed Economy graduate(prenominal)lights main advantages and limitations of the two prevailing stinting dodges in a modern world. An frugal system comprises the configuration of institutions and organisations that specify property relations within a given society or that shift and influence the distribution of goods and services.In a traditional economic system, there is no control and everyone cigargont produce goods for themselves. The countries which follow this economic system have low GDP and they have high presidential term regulation of business. On the other hand, a planned economic system is the one where all economic activities are planned by the government of the day. The government has the overall say in how businesses should ope valuate. A bighearted market economy is defined as a market without any regulation. In other cases it room markets in which prices are free to reflect cut and demand. Sometimes it means competitive markets free of monopoly or concentration. In a free market economy system, individuals are encouraged to produce and make gains for themselves and the economic system is driven by profit motives. It fuel also be seen that price mechanism determines the allocation of resources. For instance, the law of demand and supply comes into play. A free market economic system has its own limitationsA mixed economy is regulated and its execution is mainly determined by the economic policies promulgated and implement by the government.... It can also be seen that price mechanism determines the allocation of resources. For instance, the law of demand and supply comes into play. Basically, in a free market economy, the quantity of produces offered in the market is mainly determined by the amount of price the consumers are willing to compensate. Kotler and Armstrong (2004) state that the price pe ople are willing to pay for a certain commodity correlates with the quantity of goods supplied. In economics, the law of demand and supply states that the price of the product shapes the quantity of goods that can be produced at a particular period. This law goes on to state that the higher(prenominal) the price, the higher the goods the producers are willing to supply (Benassy, 1988). High price means high supply of products and this entails that high profits are likely to be generated. On the other hand, a mixed economy is a combination of a free market and planned economies. A mixed economy is regulated and its performance is mainly determined by the economic policies promulgated and implemented by the government. To a certain extent, it can be seen that a free market economy is effective compared to a mixed economy. According to Pryor (2006), countries with a business-oriented or free market economic system have a significantly higher rate of economic growth. The main reason for this is that they can generate more revenue from free trade fetching place. Unlike in a regulated economy, a free market economic system is continuous tense and the flow of money is not restricted. In a free market economy, the consumers have a pastiche of choice of goods offered since the manufacturers of these commodities are mainly concerned with satisfying the needs of the customers. As long as the consumers are willing to pay the price,

Cornflake Production Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cornflake Production - Essay ExampleMost of the nada resources utilize are unclean and include mostly coal and petroleum fuels. These fuels are not moreover a threat to the environment but also costly. This implies that in the course of establishing and maintaining the energy management system, the most small aspects need to be considered. The first action is to establish an energy policy to govern the use of energy in the plant. Next an energy management representative should be appointed. The resources can then be provided at this point.The main objective of the plant is to make profits (Kals & Wrtenberger, 2012). The energy used should thus be affordable. One of the major objectives of the organization would be to minimize its costs and using cheap energy would be a great achievement. Nevertheless, this kind of energy has to be available because it would be impossible to plan on a source of energy that is difficult or too costly to find (Kals & Wrtenberger, 2012). disposed the current concern on global warming, environmental management is a key consideration in the type of energy used in industries. This concern means that high emissions should be avoided. This goal could only be achieved with energy resources that emits less carbon, sulfa, or any other chemicals that contribute to global warming (Kals & Wrtenberger, 2012). In essence, the energy management philosophy would focus on three key factors. These factors include availability, cost, and environmental

PUBLIC RELATIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PUBLIC RELATIONS - Essay ExampleIt has five branches, namely IWM London, IWM Duxford, IWM North, HNS Belfest and Churchhill War Rooms (IWM 2012 p.1). The organizations target is to elaborate factors and consequences of war and conflict in an try on to influence positive change in the world. Four main principles guide the organization. Courage enables them to challenge the electric current knowledge in the world. It allows them to champion discussions concerning war and conflict. Authoritativeness allows them to question certain fields and establish standards of operations. Relevance ensures the topic they portray targets the right persons. The fourth principle is empathy that enables the organization to document experiences and historical facts accurately while respecting opinions and views of participants (IWM 2012 p.1). The crowning(prenominal) goal of IWP is to become the overall authority in conflicts. Imperial War Museum relies on several sources of backing that include or ganisation funding, donations, sponsorship and mercantile ventures. Admissions for audience are free in London and Manchester branch. However the other(a) branches have limited capacity. Therefore, they charge tickets for visitors (IWM 2012 p.1) Analysis of the Museum strategy PESTLE analysis Political evaluation The governmental environment favors the activities and targets of Imperial War Museum. The museum originated in UK following the First World War that instigated this war. The UK government is on the frontline campaigning alongside IWM. It funds the Museum and supports its activities. There is minimal negative political influence in the Museum because the government supports the museum and participates actively in its plans. However, the museums schedule for the 2014 centenary coincides with general elections. In this period, grants are expected to reduce. IWM ordain feel the impact through 2014-2015(IWM 2012 p.1) Economic influence The Museum affects many funds to run and implement its plans. However, this is not a concern because the government constantly funds the institution. IMP has projects receivable for completion in 2014 that require ?35 cardinal. Funds for these projects come from a Heritage Lottery Grant, donations and its commercial operations. In addition, the government offers ? 5 Million for these projects and another ? 50 million for hundred years commemorations since First World War that is due next year, 2014. The government further allocates ? 5.3 million to be distributed among schools to enable students visit the museums and attend the commemorations. Lastly, the museum generates income to fund its activities from its commercial entities. Reports in 2011-2012 indicate that it generates at least 50 per cent of the total funds it needs for operating. accord to IWM (2013) however, on the part of visitors, the increasingly difficult economic times will influence household fiscal decisions eventually undermining attendance to th e museum events and commemorations. Social influence Social factors can strengthen an organization or antagonize it (Northumbria University, 2008). IWM has sparked interest in the global society. Currently, it records 700 member organizations for the 2014 World War I centenary. According to the museums past records, it has had 1.9 million guests visit their five branches. Upon interviewing the guests, most said they would come attend certain events if

Critical opinion on history of design Term Paper

Critical opinion on account of design - Term Paper ExampleSignifi bumtly, the design taradiddle also exists as a part of practice based courses with its teaching and study being as a result of the National advisory Council of Britain and was launched in the 1960s under the art and design programs. Considerably, the council aimed at making art and design didactics a legitimate academic activity which necessitated the employment or buying in of specialists from art history disciplines, leading to a particular style of delivery.Wood is among the core components of design (as a material) that most pack including designers, appreciate and love simply because it is an incredibly useful material that has minimal effect to the environment (Gustav 1). all over the years, timberlandwind has provided humans with shelter, warmth, tools and furniture and it has been a great inspiration that even the earliest man interacted with wood in this most basic ways and more.Typically, wood is embe dded with many layers, all of which are emblematical in the aspects of its history in design, time and where it has been applied for instance, wood keeps a record of its environment and each year brings new growth that marks its past or the rings of a tree can teach us about the environment and specific events in the trees life holding its history within and its living energy expresses it outward.Most of the craftsmen that use wood in design express energy that is added to the discretion of the material reflectively, furniture has been part of the human experience since the development of the non-nomadic cultures and there is historical evidence that it goes the neolithic period (Gustav 1). This theory is an example of how design in general has been of great significance to the human era, not to forget that it does not in any negative way affect the environment. Furniture designed from wood is not only a product but is also considered to be a from of

Health and Saftey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Health and Saftey - Essay vitrine1910 par.65 (5), p.557 par.58, p.552). The rationale behind the law is that in the event of an emergency the operator may immediately exclude the system down.2. The control for the bridge and trolley tidy sumnot be lay on whatever wall or fixed surface. The law prescribes that it must be located in a way that the operator can readily face the direction of travel (v p.557). This would require the creation of a control panel placed directly facing or fronting the work area. This go out provide the operating personnel safety from any falling hazards while allowing visibility to perform the operation (Lockheed). Several toggle on and off switches entrust be use if the team decides to use such a switch. The speed of the bridge and trolley will be divided into two. Thus setting a minimum speed and a maximum speed. This is necessity because when operating the bridge and trolley it is advised to always use the minimum speed only.3. The control for the rescind may be by pendant push- handout, rope control or any mechanism (vp.556). there is no restriction as long as the safety of the operator will be of height consideration. I would recommend the use of Radio Control Systems or a Remote Control case (Telemotive Engineered SLTX Transmitter). The Operator can work at the safest location without having to use a pendant control. There is to a fault no restriction of a fixed-length pendant cable. Its transmitter has a two step push button which allows easy and precise control (R&M Materials Handling). In hoisting, the toggle on and off controls cannot be used because what is required is several break controls that must be calculated and exact. It requires stops for break, lower and hold. Considerations also as to the weight and speed of lifting is also one factor that makes the toggle on and off switch irrelevant for use.4. For additional safety, the inclusion of an emergency

Liberation Theology and Marxism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Liberation Theology and Marxism - Essay ExampleBy contrast, Marxism is an earthbound ideology, guinea pig to reward or punish those in the here and now based on their support of the ideals of fairness, compare and the distribution of wealth. Both Christianity and Marxism are fundamentally concerned with promoting the general welfare and improving the lives of the vast legal age of the worlds citizens, yet both have suffered as much damage to their credibility from followers as from opponents. The utmost(a) and selfish proponents of these ideologies have severely down the stairsmined their cause through the organization of vast bureaucracies that leave precious teensy-weensy time for doing the real work of making lives easier. At the same time, both Christianity and Marxism have a vast history of supressing dissident voices and violently repressing infidel movements. Marxist freeing theology as employ to Latin American countries that were systematically exploited first by and then for European, and later American, interests has long been viewed as an ideological threat to traditional Christian liberation theology. ... Since Christian liberation entailed not just applying to the inescapably of the oppressed, but also to inculcating an ideology that coerced followers to view the Church and its leaders as infallible, the only executable conclusion one can make is that is that while it is a contradiction to speak of a Christian Marxist, the contradiction lies in the fact that Marxism is much closer to Christs original intentions for the human race than the religion that was tacked in His name. Pope John Paul II directly addressed the issue of liberation theology during the caterpillar tread of his Papacy not surprising considering that he had first-hand experience with the worst excesses of the perversion of Marxism as practiced under Soviet-dominated totalitarianism. Recognising that Christianity in its purest form had much in common with Marxism in it s purest form, Pope John Paul II wisely avoided condemnation of Marxist liberation theologys desire to find a common ground betwixt Christian charity and missionary work and Marxist economics designed to liberate the working classes. It was not the Marxist preoccupation with the incompatibility of capitalist economics and social welfare that John Paul found objectionable. Rather the Pope pointed to the limitations of Marxist liberation the liberation was not of human suffering, nor the soul, but merely the liberation of one citizen from an undesirable economic circumstance. The question that Marxism doesnt answer, therefore, becomes what happens after the revolution How do the newly liberation plenty respond to the destruction of the class system. Even Pope John Paul II recognised that the overthrow of Marxism was not

Canadian national identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Canadian national identity - Essay display caseAccording to public opinion polls, Canadians are imperial of their diversity since it reflects the admirable qualities of caring, accepting, and tolerance. Canadians have developed a fairly intense complex about their national identity. Most Canadians share universal conceptions. The Canadian media has identify that 85 percent of Canadians identified their nation with typical behaviors and a typical accent language (Diakiw, 2011). on that point are numerous historical events that have shaped the current Canadian national identity. Some of the events accommodate the participation of women in World War I, the creation of social welfare services and implementation of the thirdly party system. Canadian political system has led to collective bargaining and equal rights for all workers (Diakiw, 2011). immigration restrictions especially Asian immigrants and treatment of minority groups during the 20th century including residential schools , aboriginal issues and treaties led to necessity of shared values of tolerance and acceptance of diversity (Berdun & Montserrat, 2007). The Official Languages Act and Canadian role in international peacekeeping led to emergency of a culture of tolerance and caring attitudes among the nationals (Berdun & Montserrat, 2007).Canadians are proud of the cultural image. Canadian government has facilitated the strengthening of national identity and heritage. A unified and tolerant Canadian national ideology inspires many Canadian nationals. Canadian government has promoted cultural diversity and heritage done limiting the effect of foreign influence such an American influence. The official symbols such as the gladiola of Canada was modified in order to align it with Canadian culture. Prominent symbols such as the loon, Canada goose, beaver and Canadian horse are some of the symbols that Canadian national identity with in the society (MacKey, 1999). The government has likewise changed t he

Corporate Social and Environmental Accouting Report Research Paper

Corporate kind and Environmental Accouting Report - Research Paper ExampleThis research paper therefore seeks to elucidate the brotherly explanation measures put into place by ANZ Bank in Australia and Citibank in the United States. In its raw material connotation, social accounting refers to the process of relaying the information strikeing the economic effect of the social and environmental activities of the organization. This is analyzed in the context of particular interest groups and social units within the society. The essence of social accounting is normally the pattern of corporate answerableness. According to Crowther (2000), social accounting is an approach used in reporting the activities of an organization in a manner that stresses the importance of socially relevant behavior while also stressing the fact that a firm should forever be accountable for its social performance. In this regard, very appropriate reporting techniques pay off imperative as measures of th e social responsiveness of the organization. It is imperative to realize that banks constitute the largest players in the Australian extraction Exchange (ASE). Over 18 percent of the listed companies in the ASE are mostly banks while other financial institutions make up a larger portion of the top 20 companies listed on the exchange. This powerful forepart presents the need for the banks to be socially accountable for their operations in the industry and society at large. literary works Review Despite the concept of Corporate Social Reporting being a effectal outlook for more than two decades now, much analysis of the subject has always revolved around comparisons between the disparate CSR practices exhibited by different organizations across the world (Adams, 2004). In this regard, it is realized that differences in culture and national value normally account for differences exhibited in accounting practices between countries. Much literature existing on the topic basically focuses on the social disclosures of mainly firms from industrialized economies with little focus on the developing or recently industrialized economies (Hilmi, 2008). The idea behind social accounting presents much challenge to the concepts of conventional accounting regarding the limited image often portrayed as existing between organization and the society at large. As a normative concept, social accounting presents a more elucidative approach to the complete idea about social business in the sense that organizations should always extend their social accountability beyond mere economic events (Anderson, 2005). Social accounting advances the view that corporate responsibility should not just be addressed in financial terms like it is often the case. Conventional practice has always dictated that society is the only recipient of the social responsiveness of organizations. However, in the modern setup, the stakeholders in this regard extend beyond the society and include entirely all the participants in the social world. In a way, it appears that social accounting seems to expose the emerging tension between the realization of economic profits and the hunting of environmental and social objectives. The idea behind social accounting is often geared toward two purposes, i.e. accountability purposes and management control. As a demonstration of accountability on the part of the organization, social accounting

Analyze the significance of professional certification Essay

Analyze the significance of professional certification - Essay ExampleFlorence nightingale was the first nurse to record graduates for her nursing school. Lic cover examinations are necessary as they are the measure of competency. To ensure human beings safety, the international council of nurses passed a resolution that required each state to establish licensure and examination map for nurses (Catalano p.41).Licensure is the major requirement for practicing nurses. It is mainly a state controlled activity that enforces powers to its regulatory board to protect public wellness, safety and welfare by enacting professional standards. There are some nursing organizations like content League for Nursing Accrediting Commission that accredits the nursing schools and it also ensures the standard of nursing teachings and practice. Another organization called American Nursing Association ensures, certain standard yardsticks against which nurses are measured and are held accountable by cour ts of righteousness (Catalano 2005, p.48). The ANA also establishes the official code of ethics for professional practice. Nurses play significant role in the evolvement of health care system. They are Primary care providers. Initiation of Licensure and Certification would thus help in upgrading the level of care provided by the nurses. References . Catalano, T. Joseph (2005).

Defining Interpersonal Communication Essay Example for Free

Defining social Communication Es interpretWhen asked to distinguish inter individualised talk from communication in general, many people say that interpersonal communication involves fewer people, often just two. according to this definition, an exchange between a householder and plumber would be interpersonal, but a conversation involving pargonnts and four children would not. although interpersonal communication often involves simply two or three people, this isnt a useful definition. Perhaps you are thinking that all toldude contexts define interpersonal communication. using this standard, we would say that a partner off on a first while in a romantic restaurant engages in more interpersonal communication than an established couple in a shopping mall. The best way to define interpersonal communication is by way on what happens between people, not where they are or how many toast.In simple way, we can say that interpersonal communication is a distinct type of fundame ntal interaction between people.Barriers to Effective Interpersonal Communication wizard way of looking at communication bars is to divide them into ingrained and external barriers, or environmental barriers. It is essential to be aware of all the possible barriers to communication, and to consider how these can be overcome, so that effective interaction can pass place either in business or at a personal level.Psychological BarriersPsychological barriers may include shyness or embarrassment. Sometimes, a person may present herself as being abrupt or difficult when she may actually be nervous. One persons sort out views of the other party or the group he belongs to may also provide a barrier to communication. If she is already prejudiced before meeting him, this will cause a barrier.Cultural BarriersAcceptable styles of communication vary between cultures. In some societies physical gestures are extravagant, and touch is more acceptable. In these societies, it is principally ac ceptable to hug and touch a persons arm when you are speaking to him. In other societies this would be unacceptable. Some religions have a taboo about members of the opposite sex communicating and particularly touching. insouciant hugging and kissing would be completely unacceptable.Language BarriersA communication barrier may be present because the parties do not share a common terminology. Interpreters and translators may be used to slap-up effect in these circumstances. If a person is deaf or visually impaired, this presents an obvious barrier that of necessity to be addressed prior to the meeting. Speech impediments or dysphasia as a result of a blow or other brain problem can present a barrier. The use of jargon and over-complicated language creates barriers to communication.Environmental BarriersEnvironmental barriers to communication can include noise and miss of privacy. An environment which is too alive(p) or cold will not be conducive to effective communication. Some places of business are busy with many distractions, such as constantly ringing telephones and other messaging systems.Three internal barriers that could affect your communication* Negative emotions* Low self-esteem* Lack of commitmentThe negative emotions from previous experiences, if not released, continue to hunt us and get expressed when we expect less. They are triggered by similar state of affairss that represent up in our life, without consciously recognizing them. Did it occur to you to get upset or raise the tone of your verbalize for something that was not really a big deal? It could be one of those situations, that triggered past emotions not released. As long as you dont identify and release them, they could affect your interpersonal communication since others wont really know from where your overreaction is coming from.Low self-esteem takes a huge toll on interpersonal communication. Not having the courage to express your ideas (because you believe theyre not worthy) , could send a opposite message than the one you compulsion to project. It might mislead other people, leaving them to believe whatever they want (which might be different from what you want). Low self-esteem could also show up as lack of confidence, or by not taking responsibility for your own actions. Do I have to source the impact on the interpersonal communication? Who would like to spend more time or work with someone who doesnt take responsibility for his actions? Or who does not trust himself, and is waiting for help all the time?Lack of commitment comes usually from not knowing what you want, or from not having the courage to take the right actions. Lack of commitment plays a huge role in interpersonal communication, since its so unaffixed to spot it and no one likes it. How to communicate effectively with someone who is not committed, who doesnt pay forethought or simply ignores you? If you found yourself at least once in the situations listed above, when do you think its the best time to work on your own issues when a similar situation occurs? or in advance, so you are better prepared to communicate more effectively in any situation?

Roadmap to the Development Process of Toyota Prius Essay Example for Free

Roadmap to the Development Process of Toyota Prius EssayToyota Motor Corporation is a celebrated japanese multinational corporation, and is considered the worlds second largest automaker of automobiles, trucks, buses, robots, and providing financial services. When Toyota and different Japanese carmakers entered the American grocery store, they were not considered as a threat to the American auto industry because it was believed their cars had no appeal to American consumers However, in the 1970s, due to several problems like environmental regulations, and quality control issues with American cars, a life-threatening number of American car owners began searching for alternatives to poorly made American cars. In response to these mixtures, Toyota and different Japanese carmakers aggressively marketed their cars to Americans as being fuel- cost-efficient, environmentally friendly, and having better build quality than American cars. In addition, Toyota marketed their cars with commercials involving young Toyota drivers jumping in the air. As a result, the Japaneses marketing campaign on with continuing problems from the Big Three auto manufacturers, allowed import cars to make up about 20 share of the US car market by 1980. Stage1.General Motors, Ford and Daimler-Chrysler focused in the late nineties on mergers and acquisitions for improving their business positions to meet future challenges. Toyota, meanwhile, centered its business dodge on proficient innovation and persistent environmental product development. The price of oil was not especially high during the mid-nineties when Toyota started its intercrossed car program. Oil prices were below US $20 barrel in 1994 and were to fall to a 50-year low around 1997 when the Toyota Prius was first sold in Japan.Clearly something else was driving Toyota and other Japanese companies to vest so heavily in hybrid car development. There are three probable reasons 1 . High petrol taxes in Japan, due to the Japanese government wanting to reduce the dependence of Japan on imported oil. While this would have certainly driven the Japanese development of hybrid cars, petrol was cheap in the key US market at this time. 2) The potential to gain a market advantage by developing the key technologies required to successfully commercialize hybrid cars, and then(prenominal) owning these developments via patents.3) The medical prognosis that ownership of these key fuel savings technologies would become very valuable when world oil prices modernise from the lows of the mid-1990s, which was a fair long-term assumption to make during this period. Stage2 Decision Making Process In 1994, the decision maker aggroup acknowledged the potential threat of depleting oil reserves and climate change and change their strategy or products to meet the needs of future customers. Course of ActionToyota set up a separate tasked with meeting the challenge of creating a vehicle for the 21st century, which would work within the parameters of natural resource constraints and environmental issues. Commitment to course of action Toyota pioneered the concept of Hybrid (petrol/electric) applied science to mass urinate the worlds first eco-efficient vehicle, the Toyota Prius. valuation of decision/re-engineering The first prototype of the car had even faced starting problem. It took close to six months to roll the car. Finally, when the car started, it moved for a few yards only.It was hard to imagine that Toyota, which was known for its efficient production systems, was facing such trouble. Initially it felt that Prius was a case of technological problems, impossible admits and triple miscalculations. It proved how a great company could overcome obstacles and turn a dream into reality. Though Prius be only a small fraction of the nine million cars and trucks that the Japanese company planned to produce in 2006, it would be the first vehicle to provide a serious alternative to internal b laze engines, designed for a world of scarce oil and was branded as The car for the future.Stage3 Toyota cautiously studied the US market and sees there is a suppuration oil crisis and foresees a need for change in the structure for cars, converting their needs to oil saving cars. While American car manufactures lacked producing such cars, then Toyota caught that opportunity and tried to occupy this niche market. By 2002, it was being sold in North America, Japan, Europe, Hong Kong, Australia and Singapore. Analysts opined that the demand for hybrid cars would rise because of the unstable oil prices and the growing need for environment friendly products.Post Evaluation By examining the external environment and acknowledging the potential threats of depleting resources and increased concern over environmental issues, Toyota have saturnine a threat into a business opportunity, boosting their reputation both as an environmentally conscious and as technological innovators and establis hed themselves as leaders in this growing market. The car industry faces many analyzable issues, but the introduction of the Prius provided Toyota with a competitive advantage. RoadMap to the development Process of Toyota Prius.Stage1 Stage2 Stage3 Executive level 1 convey concern about the future of the automobile2. Embarked a new project called G21 to the team3. Communicated the vision and priorities to the team 1. The executive team acknowledged the potential threat of depleting oil2. Challenged the team for the innovation of new model using new technology 1. Toyota unveiled the Prius in Japan in October 1997, two months ahead of schedule. 2. Made strategy plans for introducing cars to US and other prospective continents Management and Team level 1.Engaged in improving the existing internal electrocution engine technology2. Started making refinements to the existing technology 1. Team committed to the course of action using hybrid technology. 2. Came up with around 80 alternat ives. 3. Identified numerous problems heat, reliability, noise, and cost. 4. Narrowed the list to four models. 5. After sempiternal fussing and tweaking, the team finally reached 66 miles per gallon the 100% mileage improvement. 1. Team has started putting efforts towards with second and thirdly generation Prius.2. Redesigned the model for making it more appealing to the consumers. Marketing /Sales Team 1. Identification of the growing oil prices. 2. Identification of Growing middle class around the world. 1. Raised the concern that Premium price for the hybrid would make it impossible to sell. 2. Challenged with building consumer technology awareness. 1. Devised new marketing ways to cut shine dealership costs in US. 2. Devised new ways to boost the sales through internet, relied on grass-roots marketing, and familiar relations events.

Islam †Annotated Essay Essay Example for Free

Islam Annotated turn up EssayThe article explains the way Islam views conduct after death. It clearly describes the various tenets that this religion follows when it comes to life on reason and life after death. Islam believes that life on earth has no purpose except to prep are oneself for life after death. The life after death typically consists of three phases Death, the intermediate and the phase of resurrection. Death is considered to be the first gateway to reach the Garden or Fire. Importance of the custom of singing various verses at the time of death and till the body is buried and the custom of proper ablutions before burial is abandoned due space. The second phase is the most controversial phase for which lot of explanations exist. This is the period when the soul is illogical from the body but is not yet resurrected. What the soul does in this in-between phase has many theories, most common being, the souls embarks on a journey similar to the journey made by Pro phet Muhammad where He was taken through the seven layers of heaven and made to look down at the tortures of hell. Another commonly accepted theory is the visit of angels Munkar and Nakil, who question the souls about the Quranic verses and their faith.The third phase, that is, the day of Resurrection is believed to be quite spectacular with the destruction of the whole world and the souls entering either the garden or the fire according to their virtues. It is as well as believed that after resurrection and the destruction of the whole mankind, a new age will begin and justice and responsibility will return to the earth again with a new leader. The idea of punishments or rewards after death, ilk the author mentioned, do seem having lot of strong-arm attributes. All that has been mentioned seems a bit too striking the like the tree in hell, Zaqqam which has demons as flowersIt seems, to capture a proper picture of the horror of hell, physical attributes like fire, demons, swo rds, etc. have been used. This would probably make humans understand better the tortures that they are to support if they do not live a life of righteousness. The editors note also apprize about the various contributions Islam as a religion has made to the world like ban on liquor, gambling and other vices. It also mentions the equality that Muslim women are credited with in the religion. However, in this manifest world, they seem to be the most bounded ones. The images of burqa-clad women with no freedom tell quite a antithetical story.The religion, which has beautiful and just tenets to its credit like equal property rights to women, no race and color discrimination, seems to be misunderstood and misinterpreted by the religious heads and the followers for short term benefits. Because of such acts, Islam today is demonized and its contributions to the society are being passed unnoticed. Finally, the article was a comprehensive note of the beliefs in Islam regarding death and af ter and gave a actually brief yet informative idea about the various customs and views on important aspects like fate of non-believers and reincarnation. It did make me a lot wiser about this religion

How ICT requirements are met in an organisation Essay Example for Free

How ICT requirements argon met in an organisation Essay floor B How ICT requirements ar met in an organisation Before Haden was introduced ICT, e precisething was d unmatched by hand. This took longer and was non a reliable method of processing information. Haden has many surgical incisions and alto moderniseher they ca-ca many calculating machines. I am red ink to only analyse one of those departments because doing the whole building with the number of computers will be ridiculous. The department I will be analysing is the cunning department. This department deals with all the people loadting benefit fraud. They work with the police to get those people in court.The twaddle department found it hard to cope with come in computers. When the computers were introduced everything was s bunst(p). Everything needed ICT. In the Fraud department there be 45 computers. Here are the specifications of the hardware. Hardware Input devices Keyboard- There is 40 standard QWERTY keyb oards and 5 ergonomic keyboards. Ergonomic keyboards are QWERTY but the layout is different. The keyboards connect by PS/2 port. Mice- There is 45 standard mice. These come as default on all the computers. The mice connect in any case connect through PS/2 port.Digital Cameras- These cameras are devices that can take photos or locomote images (films) and channel them on to a PC. The images are JPEG, GIF, UGA, UFO or PSO. There are a get of 4 cameras in the department. The digital cameras connect to the via USB port. Scanners- There is 2 scanners in the department and they as well as transfer images to the computer. They work like photocopier but can transfer the images to a PC. This device in addition connects through USB port. net Cams- The web cams are apply to project moving images on to the internet.Only 7 computers gull these and they are only utilize for handling confidential documents. The web cams connect to the computers by the USB port. The web cams are used for personal use. Well, thats what I think An input device is something that transfers raw data into a computer for it to be processed. These can include images and evidence from fraud suspects. Output devices Monitors- There is 45 monitors. 5 flat separate monitors, also know as LCD (liquid crystal display) screens and the rest are standard default monitors which are CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors.The monitors connect through the serial port. Colour markinger- The colour printers are used to print documents with Hadens header on them. The colour makes it more professional. The printers connect through the LPT or parallel port. These are the important output devices. They take raw information/data and give it back to us processed. Every computer has many different specifications inside and outside. The computers are all the same so it will be easy to describe them. Below are the specifications. Compaq Deskpro 40 GB Hard drive CD/CD-RW study floppy disk Drive Zip Drive 512 mb DDR RA M64 mb DDR Geforce 4 graphics notice Creative soundcard Ethernet Card Modem port 4 USB 2. 0 ports 2 serial ports 2 LPT/parallel ports 2 Fire wire ports 2 PS/2 ports 1 game pad port 1 Network port The hard drives are big so that a lot of data can be stored. But there is a downfall to that. It is easier for files to get lost and the file security is not great. The RAM is a ridiculously large. It seems like the computers are made to play games and not do work. This also applies for the graphics card. It also has a large card remembrance. Most of it is wasted because it is not be used.The department can save a lot of money they had computers which are a bit lower on the specifications. (RAM, Graphics card etc) As all the computers are same, it is easy for me to describe only one of the computers specifications because they have the same specifications like the other computers in the department. There is a large server for the department. The server is very fast and quick. Below are t he server specifications. Intel Pentium 4 M 3. 0 GHz processor memory 1024 mb DDR RAM 120 GB Hard drive Tape drive CD/CD-RW Drive Floppy Drive All the computers are Compaq brand.They are reliable and safe to use. Software The computers have different software installed on their hard drives. The computers are new. They have Microsoft Office 2002 installed on their hard drive. They also have other programs like anti-virus. Microsoft Word- This is the default word processing application. It is easy to use and it has many features like save macros and inserting pictures. Microsoft Excel- This application is installed on the system but it is not used often. It may be used to do calculations for wages and salaries. I am not very sure what it is used for in this department.Microsoft Access- This application is not used. Database- Haden have there own database. It is very complicated to use their database. It comes up as a slow screen with white pen. Almost like MS-DOS on old computers. The database holds information of people that have benefits and that commit fraud. You have to be trained to use the database because it is so complicated. This is what I think are in the databases Name, address, hold code, county, age, gender, contact details, national insurance number etc. Outlook Express- Easy to use and is fast for displace and receiving information.The e-mail is not for personal use. The companies boss can other employees can read the personal e-mails. training is not confidential so it is a great and fast method of transferring data. Internet Explorer is used to surf the web for web related fraud. The internet has a special tracking device that seeks out people using other peoples insurance numbers and other details to get money. Intranet- All the computers are linked to an intranet. The intranet is a small network that only the company personnel can enter. No one from the outside, like me, can enter the intranet.Some of the files are rallying cry protecte d and only those who have the password can enter. Others are common files that everyone linked to the intranet can access. All personnel have their own password. They also have a card key that is used to enter the PC otherwise they do not have access. Norton System works is an antivirus application. All the computers have this software to protect against viruses. There is however a disadvantage. There is no internet firewall. Although one will be installed soon, the security is at risk and and then hackers can enter easily.Evidence Eliminator is an application that is used to destroy unwanted fraud evidence from the Fraud departments computers. The evidence will no longer be available for hackers. Evaluation Hadens use of ICT is excellent. They are speedy now than before computers were introduced. The department of Fraud has found that using ICT is a must for them. Most of it is writing up databases. They have improved in using their own database that has outstanding security due to it being hard to use. There are several advantages and disadvantages.The main one is that the computers can get out of meshing and will require fixing all the time. Another disadvantage is in the Fraud computers the security is not that good. Hackers can attack it easily. The evidence eliminator application will have to be used several times because there is no firewall and hacker can attack any time. The Fraud department has to step up its security to insure that it is safe to transfer files through the networks. Overall, the organisation has improved in keeping things up to date. The security has to improve for the internet, other than that the company is sophisticated and well improved.

Collaborative Fund-Raising Activit Essay Example for Free

Collaborative Fund-Raising Activit EssayThe Phoenix Homeless Agency (PHA) needs to increase backup to continue funding job counseling to qualifying recipients. While they regularly irritate traditional contracts and grants, the rescue has increased the need for services immensely and required them to look for other sources. The Executive Director and lineup of Directors have begun their search by using the internet, other agencies, and biotic community networking.They have decided that there are three options that would yield revenue while also keeping costs under control so that they have money left over for their program appealing to local government officials, contacting local businesses for donations, and attribute a strong public donation campaign. First, by contacting local government officials the agency whitethorn access information about funding that is available to community agencies that are not related to federal or state traditional grants and contracts.These may include United Way, connections to people who may wish to donate, grants from large out-of the sphere businesses and foundations, or city donations to help people find work. They may also employ grant writers who may be able to help organization earn the locating and writing process to achieve burst results. Second, local businesses are often feeling the pinch of the economy as hard as individuals. They understand that people need help and will donate products to be sold in exchange for revenue enhancement donation credit.These donations could either be sold or used within the program either face lifting money by their sale or saving the program money, respectively. Ultimately, the people they help may decease their future employees and/or consumers people remember who helped them when they were in dire straights. Auctions, in-kind trade of services, and door-to-door product gross revenue may raise money which can be helpful in the continuation of the program with really little if any cost. Lastly, the option to run a strong donation drive within the community may be quite successful.This agency has been helping the local people for galore(postnominal) years and many will wish to elate it continue its work. At a time when support may be needed the most, communities tend to rally behind local agencies rather than donate to larger, more nationally-based organizations because they can see the way their money is being spent. Asking people for money is never a pleasant or easy task, but when the option is ceasing to exist, it must be done. Appealing to individuals helps pull the community together and provides frequently needed assistance to agencies.

The Crucible the Importance of a Good Name Essay Example for Free

The Crucible the Importance of a Good Name EssayThe Crucible there argon many themes floating around. One of the most notable themes is the grandeur of a good notice. To several of the characters the altogether matter of importance seems to be their name and what it seems to be associated with. Amongst this dialog we find that because the hysterical environment of capital of Oregon causes persecution of calumny became a common fear of a good, respectable name to be tarnished. Early in the play we are introduced with our first couple of victims due to the infamous fear. Our first encounter is with Abigail when Reverend Parris questions her almost as to why Elizabeth monitoring device had fired her Abigail responds My name is good in the village I exit not have it said my name is soiled Goody Proctor is a gossiping prevaricator We can see here that she believes that Goody Proctor is trying to spoil her name due to the persuasion that she had been having an affair with tin can. As the play continues it is evident how she accuses other people of witchcraft so that her name is in the set about and she is absolved from partaking in the witchcraft herself.Though it seems that Abigails only dread is her name, she is very dissembling. We afterward find out that her name seems to only be the light of her worries. Her main motive is to rid John of Elizabeth so that she can freely be with John. Her uncle, Reverend Parris, is naive to her hidden motives for false accusations. It isnt more than longer in the story when we find Abigails uncle, Reverend Parris is also sporting this same worry when we read a conversation between him and a trusted villager Thomas Putnam. Due to Betty, Parriss young lady who has fallen ill, and the village is suddenly buzzing with slander of witchcraft.In a conversation with Thomas Putnam it is sheer how this affects Parris. Thomas, Thomas, I pray you, leap not to witchcraft. I know that you- to the lowest degree of all, Thoma s, would ever wish so bleak a charge laid upon me. We cannot leap to witchcraft. They will howl me out of Salem for such subversion in my house. This shows that Reverend Parris is almost more caught up in what people think of him rather than how daughter, Betty Parris, is doing or rather how the Doctor, who has found nothing to cure her, will solve her illness.Parris is now continuously accusing his least faithful parishioners with having a contract with the devil. One of which is John Proctor, the man Abigail is having an affair with. John Proctor is cognise as a rebel in this story. Though a good Christian he seldom makes it into Parris Sunday Masses because he is working in the field and he doesnt want to let out of Parris weekly ranting of the devil and hell. It is because of this reputation his wife is among the accused of witchcraft. When he tries to defend her he reluctantly admits to lechery.John Proctor was very reluctant to admit this because he wanted his name to sta y respected. When decide Danforth doesnt believe him they ask his wife Elizabeth if this is true. Unknowing that he had confessed and trying to respect his wishes of keeping a good name she says that she doesnt believe that he had ever had an affair with Abigail Parris. When Abigail turns on splice Warren, Marry Warren turns on John Proctor calling him the Devils Man. This causes his arrest and accusation of Witchcraft.Proctors importance of a good name is most portrayed in the last act, function V, when he is begged to save himself by signing a confession sheet. He finally refuses to sign it tell that Because it is my Name Because I cannot have another in my life Because I lie and sign myself to Lies Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul leave me my name John Proctor is the epitome of absentminded to preserve his name. He willingly dies to preserve his name.In the story of The Crucible, Arthur Mi ller is able to illustrate the importance of a good name through many of the characters. We were easily able to convey this theme and take a leak off of it. Since many of the characters main objective was too keep their name in good light we were able to better understand the reasons behind their actions, helping us receive a better sympathy of the story.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages of engineering EssayTechnology began when man started to control and modify personality to meet his needs. Prior to the 20th Century, engineering science was identified with skilled men and women who passed their expertise and know-how from one generation to an other. Back then engineering science was associated with innovative techniques, new processes and new methods of doing things. With the scientific revolution in the 20th Century, the concept of technology changed. It is now fast associated with gadgets, products and innovative scientific inventions.This essay examines the advantages and disadvantages of two simple technological innovations the stun gun and the police car video surveillance. Their imp figure out, advantages and disadvantages to the society will be evaluated for purpose of deeper appreciation of their use.Advantages and Disadvantages of Stun Guns and Police Car characterization SurveillanceTechnology is closely tied with the concept of innovation. There was a duration when equity enforcement officers employ the wooden batons as their only weapons against tough individuals who resisted arrest (Scott Oldham, 2005, p.1). In view of the lack of effective weapons that they drive out use to apprehend and subdue umbrageouss, encounters between law enforcement officers and suspects often lead to a bloody fight. As a result either the police officer or the suspect ends up getting naughtily hurt or killed.Read moreTechnology Advantages and Disadvantages EssayThere was also a time when law enforcement officers had to rely on their recollection of the events during dangerous situations. They had to record the license number of the suspects getaway vehicle, remember their faces and the anatomy of weapons practice. If they were able to arrest the suspects after a dangerous situation, suspects often filed suits against law enforcement officers alleging brutality and violence they experienced in the hand s of the police officers. There being no other witnesses, the police officer had always been placed in jeopardy of being maliciously sued by a suspect he had arrested in his line of duty.With the use of technology, man was able to control and modify nature for the purpose of satisfying his own needs. Law enforcement officers keep found simple solutions to their everyday problems. With the use of stun guns police officers were able to harness the power of electricity. They were able to control the volt and use it to apprehend violent suspects by incapacitating them temporarily.With the discovery of stun guns, police officers no longer cave in to worry around getting hurt or hurting anybody in the course of the arrest. In case a suspect resists arrest and becomes really violent, the law enforcement officer only has to press this gun against the body of the suspect. It will drop an electronic charge that is high in voltage that send word disable the suspect for 20 to 30minutes to lerable time for them to place handcuff on the suspect.Police officers no longer have to worry most the possibility of them forgetting the suspects face or the license number of the vehicle or the kind of weapon used. He also need not fear that suits for excessive violence and brutality may be filed against him because there is physical evidence that can be presented sooner the court. Law enforcement officers only have to produce the recording of his patrol car video surveillance and present it in court to repel the false and malicious accusations against him.Just like any technology, however, it can be abused. In the hands of an opprobrious law enforcement officer, stun guns may cause full injury against a suspect if not used properly. According to United Nations Committee use of stun guns by the police may cause original pain and in certain cases may lead to death. (David Morgan, 2007, p.2) It has been reported that since 1999, 80 people have died and others have been serio usly injured by police using electronic stun gun which negate the claims that they be non lethal weapons. (Greg Mathis, 2005, p.1)Use of police car video surveillance may be advantageous for some(prenominal) but it may pose a serious constitutional challenge for others. Lawyers have challenged the legality of the act of police officers using their video photographic camera as proof to apprehend those who commit over hie and those who run against red lights. Their contention is that the owners of the car are automatically considered guilty and imposed a punishment even if it may be possible that the car owners were not driving the vehicles at the time the encroachment was committed. Aside from constitutional violation of presumption of innocence, some police officers may use the video camera for the purpose of invading the privacy of private individuals.ConclusionTechnology is indeed the successful attempt by man to control and modify nature for the purpose of satisfying human n eeds and providing solutions to his problem. It may go along that the technology may turn into something that it is intended to do or to something that it is not intended to. This is precisely what technology is. It may turn out beneficial to mankind but it may also pose serious risks for us.In the case of stun guns, I believe it is still one of the most non-lethal instruments that police officers can utilize against suspects. It would be better however if police officers are educated on its use and its dangers before they are allowed to use these instruments. The same thing is true for video surveillance which is most effective if it is apply for strictly law enforcement work. These instruments therefore are not dangerous in themselves. They are not atrocious in themselves. Problem starts when those who utilize it use it improperly. This problem could be remedied by proper orientation and didactics so that old and new law enforcement officers may be advised on how to properly u tilize these new pieces of technology.

Horniman Horticulture Essay Example for Free

Horniman Horticulture EssayExecutive SummaryHorniman Horticulture is a wholesale nursery located near Lynchburg, VA. Its owned by Bob and Maggie Brown. From 2002-2005, the nurserys operations grew by to a greater extent than then 40%. Revenue growth has exceeded the industry benchmark. The nursery now consists of 52 greenhouses, 40 nation of land, and 12 full-time workers as well as 15 seasonal workers.ProblemWhile experiencing boom demand and improving margins, the Browns argon confused by their plummeting bills balance.AnalysisHornimans current assets are growing over time, but in a less liquid fashion, less from cash and more(prenominal) from receivables and inventory. Horniman is not receiving money as quickly as they would hope, which is shown by the 9- daytime increase in receivable old age since 2002 (exhibit 2 p.141). This figure is also well above its benchmark. The Inventory days increased every social class as well and was well above the benchmark of 386.3. Paya ble days decreased much more than was expected, to 9.9 in 2005 when the benchmark was 27.What most likely happened is that as Horniman grew, it began selling inventories with higher margins and better financing options were organism offered to its customers. Favorable terms are attractive to new clients but it can also increase gamble of non-payment from customers. In terms of where the cash they have made is going, we must look at how they are distributing their cash flow. Most cash was invested back up into the business itself to build capital. It seems as if every dollar of profit was regurgitate towards more net working capital.RecommendationIncreasing the payable days or lowering the days receivable outstanding would reduce the cash conversion cycle. Although it is important to invest cash back into the company for growth, a more conservative approach of holding on to more cash would realize Horniman in the future.

Post Olympic Effects on Hospitality Industry Essay Example for Free

Post Olympic Effects on Hospitality Industry EssayAim To appoint the issues that the hospitality persistence may be faced with transmit Olympics 2012 and to recommendstrategies to over get along with the reduction in the business to hospitality organisations. Objectives 1. To study the opportunities in the hospitality industry during Olympic 2012 2. To evaluate the impact of post Olympics 2012 on hospitality industry. 3. To recommend the strategies to the hospitality industry to survive post Olympic dilapidation in business The London Olympics is sinking a huge amount of money for the Olympic Games and for their facilities. Preparing for the Olympics, hospitality industry guides to consider the impact of tourists during the Olympics magazine and beyond. It involves the pre and post Olympic stays of the tourist. The hoteliers be creating a quaint atmosphere and spending lots of money for the Olympics. Hospitality industry has challenges to recover all the money which t hey spend for Olympics, which depends on the strategies which they lead use after post Olympics. The Olympic Game is now becoming the well-nigh important event in the calendars of sport touristry and is also acting as a gas for the growth of a tourism destinations product.It is very important to examine the pre-games impact and incompatible them with post games results, searching the chokes of various authors on the same topics pulls up the threat of vast differences. It is very self-explanatory that there is essential need for more rigorous and standardized industry method to reduce the differences to minimum. The reports of DCMS suggests that there is an inadequate attention and underestimation of importance is being paid to what could be the near important completion of all that is the post Olympic period and there is also an overall lacking in intellect the behavior of Olympic tourists.It is very vital to evaluate the post games impact of Olympics on Hospitality as a great deal of money and time is invested into predicting the impacts of the games, the Games suffer from a lack of ex-post analysis. London 2012 allow provide an luck for UK to generate unneeded revenue as sport tourism is now considered to be in the introduction phase to the tourism product lifecycle, London now has achieved the position which could help to make a unique competitive advantage through tailoring the product to the contemporary tourists.London 2012 Olymdspic Games chatter Britains aims to use cultural and sporting activities to improve the quality of life, support the pursuance of excellence, creative and leisure industries, and champion the tourism. It result also track progress, varan and implement as follows BHA will work towards a brand-new tourism growth purpose for 2008-11, and later a further target for 2012-15, and monitor progress towards those targets. The Strategy will be to maximize the legacy through effective post-games trade and make London and Britain must see destinations.DCMS, Visit Britain and Visit London published Winning in 2007 after consulting the local tourism agencies and tourism industry, Visit Britain (2011). Wining is the revised document emerged after consultation and its envisaged programmed will run until 2017. It was an enviable task to write a strategy that would embrace the whole of UK, yet right to make the most of the opportunity provided by the London 2012 games . The document also mentions more specific targets and aspirations, as in how through tourism extra revenue will be generated using London 2012 games.For example, it showcases an denotative objective that would help in reversing the decline in domestic overnight stays which explains lack of interests or attention on cultural tourism. Although they mentioned about new festivals, the desire to imitate Australia which achieved success by utilizing the 2000 games and contributed extra thirty percent through cultural activities in internat ional tourist participation and the cultural Olympiad. layabout these aims prove feasible/how realistic they git be?A strategy called Winning was published in the year 2007 which was supported by researchers and prominent economist from UK, who claim that the London 2012 Olympics can unveil an opportunity to UK to add ? 2. 1 billion extra revenue to the overall tourism benefits. The substantial economical bribe written is, there will be a dramatic increase in the subprogram of tourist spending, which is merely supported or justified with the aid of their positive projection. The accent on estimated revenue by tourism as a vital monetary consequence of the event allows an appealing negation.The Tourism policy is also being marginalized in organizational structures and strategy scaffolds of broader Olympic development. Visit Britain and Visit London is prophecy that amid 50-70% of the net economic profit of organizing the games measures over 7-10 year period will amass through tourism. These forecasts are a result of ex- ante monetary collision analysis which is reputably unpredictable. (Kronbalatt, 2006) and (Crompton, 1995) indeed suggest anxiety when taking into account such tourism projection for Olympic profits.By developing three estimates of its most probable effects (Blake, 2005) accredited the vague economic results of the Olympic Games. The central case suggests that there can be an increase of 1. 5% to the UKs tourism amid 2012 and 2016. However possible consequences can range amid a probable decrease by 4% or increase in 7%. To ascertain the appropriateness of these forecasts, the report also contains ways on how to observe the effects. The only facet that initiates resuscitate is that being so close to the event, the UK had failed to befuddle an initiates in the earlier part as Sydney did.Winning, a strategy which was published in 2007 is supported by suggestions from economists, researches and postulates that the 2012 games will provi de them an opportunity to generate ? 2. 1 billion in additional tourism benefits (DCMS, 2007, p. 17). The main tangible economic legacy of the games will be an increase in the number of visitors spending is justified with the help of their optimistic projection. The emphasis on Tourism revenue as the chance upon economic end of the games allows an interesting contradiction.Tourism policy has been marginalized both in the organizational structures and policy material of wider Olympic planning. Visit Britain and Visit London is estimating that between 50-70% of the net economic benefits of staging the event mensurable over 7-10 year period will accrue through tourism. Such forecast are the outcome of ex-ante economic impact analyses which are notoriously unreliable (Crompton, 1995). Kornblatt (2006) certainly recommends caution when considering the tourism projections of Olympic benefits.These positions are reaffirmed by academic analyses. By developing three estimates of its likel y effects (Blake, 2005) acknowledged the uncertain economic outcomes of the 2012 games. According to Blakes Central Case, the most likely outcome is that there can be an increase in tourism to the UK of 1. 5% between 2012 and 2016. However, Blake also suggests that the effects could range between a reduction of 4% and an increase of 7%. To establish the accuracy of these forecasts, the report also includes measures on how to monitor the effects.The only aspect that initiates worries is that, being so close to the games, the UK does not almost strike any initiatives like to that of Sydney, where effects of longitudinal tourism were monitored by groups that began working well before the 2000 games and which included a heavy representation from the academic community ( e. g. , see Faulkner et al. ,2001). To recommend the strategies to the hospitality industry to survive post Olympics downfall in business According to a stark warning from the European Tour Operators Association issue d for the deviate of British Tourism Week LONDON tourism is running away from the U.K. rather than toward it. The main concern was the shortage of availability of hotel space at reasonable market rates in London during Olympics period. ETOAs Executive director, Tom Jenkins had said that the European tour operators are most concerned that the U. K. in widely distributed is underperforming on the worldwide tourism market, citing a 105% U. K. 10-year growth figure compared to 130% growth in European tourism and 195% worldwide. On the other hand along with raising problems with the taxation establishment and the complications and restrictions imposed with getting a U.K visa, Jenkins also highlighted a core postulated that London will have bonanza year for business in 2012 as leading to overpricing and a potential pre- and post-Olympics crater in the hotel market. He also warned this Olympic effect could have much longer lasting implications. According to the research made by us we w ould recommend the following strategies for the issues UK hoteliers should be able to position themselves for the London Olympics Hoteliers need to consider the before and after impact of visitors coming for the Olympics or arranging the vacation holidays around the time of the event.They need to consider the impact of the event itself. It should be mainly focused in terms of moving in and rate and most of the hotels should have sophisticated models in place to deal with these issues Smith and Stevenson (2009) . London hoteliers should combine Olympics related ideas into their packages The hoteliers should use the occasion to create a unique atmosphere. It is important that all the UK hotels recognizes that it will have to step up to the plate and offer a world-class pick up to what could possibly be all told new inbound markets Gibson (2010).Improving customer service People expect best service when they come to visit the country for the Olympics. In this situation many skilled workers are required for providing a frank experience for the visitors. The hotels must employ sufficient staff, as well as well trained chef to work flexibly and must be able to cope up the pressure. They should employ people who will welcome the visitors in a helpful manner and in a professional way. They should also have penny-pinching language skills as well as they must be aware of disability requirements and other cultural ideas, Red White and Blacks (2011).Need to increase accessibility The Paralympics games are going to attract nearly 4,500 athletes, the tourism business must strive to provide reliable information about accessible facilities and must make the need of the visitors mainly the disabled people. They should explore the possibility of the research of the effectiveness of disability awareness information in the tourism industry. They should also consider the disability training as a part of prosperous standard customer service workImprove skills and retention of the staff For the last two long time more than half of the managers do not have minimum management qualifications. There is a solemn shortage of skilled chefs. The main backdrop of the hospitality industry is high rate of staff employee turnover which costs approximately ? 1 billion each year. The employers should check for the qualification reform while recruiting new staffs. The industry must check more for employee benefits as well to retain the employees Kirkup Major (2006) Bibliography

Riordan Process Improvement Plan Essay Example for Free

Riordan crop Improvement Plan EssayTime is always moving forward making it difficult to ladder daily processes slowly. Travelling is a daily process that takes much time and resources. Time spent on travel can be known as waste time as the main intention is to transport from plosive consonant A to point B without analyzing or performing actions on other tasks. Multitasking is non advisable plastereding a high focus should be on the highway and other road wasting diseasers plus it is illegal. The process if done as quickly as possible can reduce the rack time leaving extra time for more profitable processes. The action mechanism to drive from home to moorage is diagrammatically shown below in the form of a flowgraph.Currently time interpreted to execute the activity is non efficient. Certain processes atomic number 18 occupying heavier proportion from the total cycle time. A process improvement visualize is drawn not only to analyze and reduce genuine time but s imilarly not forgetting to achieve a safe trip.Statistical Process ControlData below tabulates five weeks of travelling time from home to office. The next step is to deduce whether the information is efficient by ratening a test. Statistical process encounter (SPC) tests random samples from processes to determine the productivity is perfectly efficient (Chase, Jacobs Aquilano, 2006). The test graphically depicts the upper control limit (UCL) and lower control limit (LCL) of each the fairish mean and comely appreciation graphs. Average of time taken and range from each week in combination with the range and average factors are requirements to calculate two limits. Graphs with the limits first, plot the weekly average mean and average range. reflection is made from the graphs to decide on whether or not all sample data is within the control limits. The sample data that either is higher than the UCL or lower than the LCL will be the overuse time. think of of data is not only under observance but also the pattern of the chart is also under monitoring. The pattern of a stable chart is sample data closely plotting around the mean data. Patterns that exhibit an increase toward the UCL or decrease toward the LCL or erratic behavior must undergo investigations (Chase et al., 2006).The both chart depicts that the average of total time and range is within the UCL and LCL. The observation only refrains that the current data is allowable but not perfectly efficient. The pattern of the data in the average mean chart depicts a run of three plots above central line. The practice to avoid the first weeks traffic congestion is to leave from home reaching office exactly at 9.00 a.m. The second and threesome week changes practice as work is piling up and requires more setup time.The pattern of the data in R chart depicts an increase. The last(a) plot reaches a range approximately to the UCL. The reason is the goose egg value recording of total cycle time on Monda y.Seasonal FactorsThe data above is in normal tabulation manner meaning no trips involving external variables or environmental factors intervention is taken into devotion. External variables present itself in indurateal or cyclic durations. The latter is easily taken into consideration as the operation time is constant but the former makes it harder to analyze any given length of duration. Seasonal usually associates with duration of the year involving particular activities (Chase et al., 2006). The trip from home to office isunder divergent seasonal influences.The fasting period of the Muslims is a major influence in the trip. Traffic is much barge not only for the trip to the office but also from the office especially on the weekends.. Vehicles on the main route and highway are little reducing driving time. The drive is much aerodynamic requiring less petrol eliminating the duration to drive to the petrol station and fill petrol.Holidays season is another major influence in the trip. Academic institutes such as schools, colleges and universities are undergoing final examination. Institutes see holidays reducing the morning. Vehicles belonging to school bus drivers, college or university students and instructors reduce allowing working adults to use the routes and highway freely. The current assumptions are made relying on past personal experience of the last five years.Finally observation relying on past personal experiences has shown that in the initial week traffic is at the highest at blooming hours but reduces by the end of the month. Employees tend to stay late at office at the final week of the month mostly because of the need to complete monthly closing reports. Amount of cars reduces as the weeks run in a monthly cycle.Total cycle time needs to be as less and independent as possible. Cycle time that easily reacts under any influences will make decisions harder to conclude as observations are not consistent. Seasonal factor is the adjustable correctional value in a given time series of the season of the year. The table below records the seasonal factor that adjusts the next months cycle time to 300 minutes comparing to the current 347.14 minutes. faith IntervalsConfidence intervals are brackets that the true population occur base on the cartel levels (NIST SEMATECH, n.d., para. 2). 95% is set as the trustingness level for the above data. The sample size is below 15 and the chart below depicts the distribution of average mean for the five weeks being normal (University of Phoenix, 2010, Estimation and Confidence Intervals, p. 305).The distribution scale put to use is the t-distribution satisfying the above conditions. The interval that encloses the true population parameter in a 95% confidence level base on the current data is from 61.98% to 79.57%.ConclusionThe process undergoing the plan records a nearly stable result from the (SPC) within the control limits, producing seasonal factors for next month forecast and ne arly a high confidence interval for its confidence level. The process is still open for modifications as the plan has point out areas for improvements. The SPC patterns requires the data to be graphically stable, the average mean are not to be heavily leaning against the seasonal factors and the confidence interval must increase so that the fast cycle time is achievable.ReferencesChase, R. B., Jacobs, F. R., Aquilano, N. J. (2006). Operations management for competitiveadvantage (11th ed.). New York McGraw Hill/Irwin.NIST SEMATECH (n.d.). What are Confidence Intervals? Product and Process Comparisons.Retrieved fromhttp//www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section1/prc14.htmUniversity of Phoenix. (2010). Statistical Techniques. Retrieved August21, 2010 from University of Phoenix, QNT 561 Applied Business Research Statistics

Introduction to E-learning: Types, Benefits and Strategies

groundwork to E-attainment Types, Benefits and StrategiesChapter 2. Background and Related WorkIntroductionDuring the last decade the amount of literature published in the field of eLearning has grown ruleably, as has the transmutation in attitudes and vistapoints of people who work on this subject. The general background presented here with regard to eLearning includes the exposition, details of variant pillowcases and the concept of fibre. reading property within breeding systems (IS), web mining and knowledge extracting techniques ar the principal(prenominal) aras on which supporting literature is primarily foc rehearsed. However, an in-depth explanation of each branch of these interrogation fields is orthogonal the scope of this literature re learn. The literature presented here is opusicularly foc employ on the subtopics of these large look into beas which be directly applicable to this explore.The structure of this chapter is divided into three primary (prenominal) parts a general view of eLearning including definitions of eLearning, an overview of eLearning types and the concept of feel in eLearning instruction timbre (IQ) within ISs and information extraction rules. individually character includes a make sense of sub segmentations which address the factors that are applicable to this research.ELearningIn this part of the literature review, we focus on eLearning by providing a discussion about the definitions of eLearning, eLearning types and the concept of lineament in eLearning. Moreover, in this section we come in the foundation for the general concept of note in eLearning upon which the research will be beggarlyd. This section in like manner presents a discussion about the relationships between technology, drug substance abusers and suffice in an eLearning background.ELearning DefinitionThe term eLearning is use in the literature and in communication channel to show many fields, such(prenominal) as online discipline, web-based training, distance development, distributed instruction, virtual reading, or technology-based training. During recent decades, eLearning has been defined in several instances in unalike trends. In any publication in the field of eLearning, it is of import to ensure that the authors understanding exactly matches that of the majority of the readers, on that pointfore, the specific definition utilize should be stated first. Moreover, to reach a clearer understanding of what eLearning is, in this part of the thesis we present numerous definitions of eLearning as mentioned in the literature.In general, nearly of the definitions of the term eLearning are used to conduct the exploitation of technologies which gouge be used to deliver learning (or learning materials) in an electronic format, most likely via the World commodious Web (WWW). Psaromiligkos and Retalis consider eLearning to be the systems which utilise the WWW as a delivery medium for stable le arning resources, such as instructional files, or as an interface onto moveiveThe previous definitions odour at eLearning in general in more detail, eLearning can be in the form of courses or in the form of modules and smaller learning materials it withal could take various forms. Romiszowski takes these details into account and summarises the definitions encountered in the literature in a way that emphasises that eLearning can be a solitary, individual activity, or a collaborative group activity. It also suggests that both synchronous and asynchronous moveive forms can be engaged. Naidu also takes into thoughtfulness the differences in the forms of interaction when trying to formulate a general definition of eLearning learningal processes that go for information and communications technology to mediate asynchronous as well as synchronous learning and inform activities.The position adopted in this research is that eLearning entails the technology used to distribute the lea rning materials, the fictitious character of these materials, and the interaction with students. The definition of eLearning used in this research addresses these dimensions in impairment of the use of new multimedia system technologies and the Internet to improve the step of learning by facilitating approaching to resources and attend tos as well as remote exchange and collaborationsELearning TypesAs mention earlier, eLearning takes many different forms and includes numerous types of systems. In the extant literature eLearning types are defined go overing dickens main axes the user context (individuals, groups or a partnership of users) and users engagement and interactivity.Romiszowski takes these details into account and summarises the definitions encountered in the following table, which emphasises that eLearning can be a solitary, individual activity, or a collaborative group activity. It also suggests that both synchronous and asynchronous interactive forms can be engaged.Looking more deeply at the division of the forms of interactivity used in eLearning systems, there are two main types of eLearning asynchronous and synchronous, depending on learning and teaching activities. Synchronous eLearning environments require tutors and learners, or the online classmates, to be online at the akin time, where live interactions take place between them. In this context, Doherty describes an Asynchronous Learning Network (ALN) as a variety of eLearning systems which distribute learning materials and concepts in one direction at a time. Moreover, Spencer and Hiltz express ALN as a place where learners can interact with learning materials, tutors and other learners, finished the WWW at different times and from different places.The focus of this research will be on a slipperiness where students log-in to and use the system self-directedly of other students and staff members, as well as apply asynchronous systems regarding learning content, tonus man agement and delivery which fit firmly into the general definition of the asynchronous eLearning environment.Quality Concept in ELearningThe definition of eLearning adopted in this thesis represents three fundamental dimensions technology, access and quality. The focus in this research will be on quality, which is considered a crucial issue for education in general, and for eLearning in particular. This section of the literature review will discuss concepts of quality in eLearning generally, and shine up the importance of content as the most critical factor for the overall quality.Currently, there are two recognised challenges in eLearning the demand for overall interoperability and the request for (high) quality. However, quality cannot be expressed and set by a simple definition, since in itself quality is a very abstract notion. In fact, it is much easier to notice the absence of quality than its presence.Despite efforts to reach a comprehensive, universal definition of quality i n eLearning, there is still a fundamental ambiguity surrounding the issue. One position is to consider quality as an evaluation of excellence, a stance which is primarily adopted by universities and education institutions. For example, in universities quality teaching and learning are promoted as the top priority, giving less attention to criteria or respectments regarding teaching scuttlebutt into courses, the learning outcomes, and the interactivity with the system.Another trend is to consider the improvement in quality, where quality is improved by piteous beyond the set conceptions applied, and generally moving in the direction of a flexible process of negotiation, which subscribe to a very high train of quality capability from those involved.Furthermore, quality can be viewed and considered from different aspects. Here, the SunTrust Equitable report illustrates what they perceive to be the value chain in eLearning in the form of a gain.The content is the most critical f actor of eLearning. Indeed, to be able to use the cyberspace as a tool to improve learning, the content should not distract learners, but increase their interest for learning. Learning tools and enablers are also important in the learning procedure. In reality, providers of learning platforms and knowledge management systems are advert in the triumphful delivery of content. These companies provide the necessary infrastructure to deliver learning content. Moreover, learning service providers (LSP) are the distribution channels for content providers. One of the challenges facing these knowledge hubs and LSPs is to ensure that the learners are receiving knowing content. Companies focused on educational e-tailing then complete the value pyramid of eLearning.Looking at the pyramid it can be clearly observed that content is the most critical component of learning through the internet. In a similar manner, atomic number 1 stated that eLearning is composed of three main aspects content , technology and services, he also emphasised that content is the most solid factor. Although this thesis will focus on the quality of content delivered by eLearning as the most important criteria and the most influential in the overall take of learning quality, the specified context and the perspectives of users also need to be taken into account when defining quality in eLearning. It is also essential to classify suitable criteria to address this quality.ELearning Technology, users and ContentAlthough most eLearning explanations focus on the technology and not on the learning, it is important to keep the people eLearning is designed for in mind. Moreover, individual learning styles and required learning materials should be addressed first. Then a suitable electronic delivery method can be adopted. On their website (agelesslearner.com), Karl and Marcia Conner commented, in this regard, that Maybe the e should actually follow the word learning.Henry describes the content in a way that includes all delivered materials, including the materials which are usually widened in classroom-based learning and that are tailored for eLearning, in addition to any other knowledge the developer might offer.In fact, eLearning systems are considered to be user- adaptative systems, where systems are designed to react with user performance and choices. Webber, Pesty and Balacheff express user stickerling as a central issue in the development of user- adaptative systems, whose behaviour is usually based on the users preferences, goals, interests and knowledge. Moreover, they declare that a system can be considered user-adaptive when changes in its functionality, structure or interface can be monitored, in order to consider the different needs of users and, ultimately, their ever-changing needs. In the area of eLearning Heift and Nicholson believe that eLearning systems as adaptive systems are designed to meet the diverse requirements of students who consider different aims of knowledge and backgrounds 19.There is a real base of literature and research in the area of adaptive systems, which usually base their behaviour on user object lessons. In more detail, Kobsa explained that the user model often depends on one user or a group of users sharing the same profile and it characterises users preferences, goals, interests and knowledge. Webber, Pesty and Balacheff notice that with regard to this point there are two main problems relating to user modelling to chance upon the relevant information to be modelled and to decide which method is more suitable to apply in order to determine the relevant information about the user. In fact, personalisation plays an important role in all areas of the e-era, especially in eLearning, as stated by Esposito, Licchelli and Semeraro, where the main issue is student modelling. This is the analysis of student behaviour and the prediction of future activities and learning performance . Furthermore, Ong and Ramachandran p erceive that the literature on adaptive systems shows that by modelling the learner, the human tutor and the knowledge range of instructional content, powerful pedagogical outcomes can be obtained.Although eLearning systems are considered types of adaptive systems, the difference between the concept of the user and the concept of the student creates a fundamental problem in the eLearning area. In this context, Esposito, Licchelli and Semeraro believe that in a general web system the user is free to surf and the system attempts to predict future user steps employ the user model in order to improve the interaction between the user and the system, while in the eLearning system the modelling has to improve the educational route, adapting it to the model of the student. As a publication it is essential to control and to assess student browsing. The systems should not give the students absolute freedom to decide their way through the content and learning materials, rather, the system s hould provide a specific educational path and offer a continuous evaluation activity of student performance, towards a defined pedagogical goal.Although delivering web-based educational materials can be very useful as the same content is distributed to a number of students and can be accessed regardless of time and place, this delivery would not be beneficial from a pedagogical point of view if the students, their level of knowledge and their learning style was not known. In fact, Sanatally and Senteni observe that the widely held principle of using the web simply as a form of distributed medium for learning materials does not add significant value to the learning process. This argument leads to the conviction of the importance of developing adaptive eLearning systems. Even if adaptive systems are focused on the interaction with users and changing the course and the content dynamically with their needs, and not on arrogant the set sequence of a course, eLearning can exploit adaptiv e technologies to build learning environments that form user-specific sequencing. smacking and McCalla use the example of the Paper Recommender System as a good example of this exploitation the system was designed to give recommendations to students about what conference or journal papers to read, based on their level of understanding and knowledge.We can see more clearly, as suggested by Conati and VanLehn, that the aim of adaptive systems is to build precise, interactively changing models of individual student learning, in order to use them as representations of how learners are progressing within the content of the course. Moreover, Papanikolaou et al. describe adaptivity as being system-controlled and in most cases assists in planning the content, planning the delivery and presentation of the learning materials, supporting student navigation throughout the field of knowledge and problem solving. From this, it can be deduced that learner models generally characterise learner kno wledge levels on the concepts of domain knowledge, pedagogical goals and learning preferences towards diverse styles of learning materials. In this context, they suggest that the domain model should be used in parallel with the learner model to provide a structure for the representation of learner knowledge of the defined domain. Using this procedure, tailored learning materials can be distributed to specific learners to be consistent with their requirements. This corresponds with the vision of Mittal et al., who realised that by creating several huge groups into which it is possible to segment target learners, it can be ensured that the content of learning materials for an absolute beginner student is not the same for that of a student getting ready for an exam.Nowadays, most student modelling systems follow the same method, in which the systems starting point is to create a reference template for a student, thus, the expertness or intelligence encoded into the system can adapt th e course organisation and content to the individual student. The use of this method to decide the style and level of content that a student should be offered, correspond to how students interact with the system, will lead to a more personalised learning experience. In the case of this research, the student and domain model did not entail the complexity of those built in adaptive systems however, several of the underlying principles of visible(prenominal) student and domain modelling techniques proved to be useful. The key issue in most adaptive systems that feature student and domain modelling is a sequence of complex entropy repositories that give exceedingly precise values about student performance and completion against learning materials.The focus in this research will be on measuring the quality of the content of learning materials distributed via eLearning systems, and establishing how the student will interact with the materials, how they will be able to extract the relev ant information from the content and how the context of the online materials will garter students to recognise the underlying structure of the content and easily access the parts in which they are interested. This research will gather empirical evidence using online questionnaires, which can be used to directly ask students about their preferences and perspectives.SummaryThis part of the literature review provided a general overview of eLearning, including definitions of eLearning, a note of eLearning types and consideration of the concept of quality in eLearning. It also place the definition adopted for eLearning in this study and considered the type upon which this research will focus. Moreover, in this section we laid the foundation for the general concept of quality in eLearning upon which the research will be based. Finally, it presented a brief discussion about the relationships between technology, users and content in an eLearning context.The next part of this chapter will discuss the concept of IQ within ISs this will be used later on to set standards for IQ in the context of eLearning systems.Information Quality in Information SystemsIn this part of the literature review we will start with a brief discussion of the terms info quality and information quality, and will shed few dismount on the concept of IQ within ISs and how it could be defined. We will also provide a comprehensive review of the major historic developments of IQ fashion models.Data Quality(DQ) vs. Information QualityDuring recent years, much work has been done to build quality role models for IQ dimensions. In the past, research focused on DQ, but due to the recent development of internet technologies, ISs today are providing users with information, not only data. Therefore, research attention has shifted to focus on IQ cloths. duration, some researchers explicitly distinguish between the terms data and information and explain information as data which has been processed in so me way, sometimes, it may be rocky to discriminate between them in rule .Still, in some studies the term information is interchangeable with data. Likewise, the term data quality is often used synonymously with information quality. Consequently, in this study, the concept of information will be used in a broad sense, which covers the concept of data.Before reviewing the researches that were conducted to formulate (data/information) quality frameworks within ISs, first we will discuss the means of IQ and how it could be defined.How Information Quality Could be DefinedAlthough it is important to set standards for IQ, it is a difficult and complex issue, particularly in the area of ISs, because there is no formal definition of IQ, as quality is dependent on the criteria applied to it. Furthermore, it is dependent on the targets, the environment and from which viewpoint we look at the IQ, that is, from the provider or the consumer perspective. Moreover, IQ is both a task-dependent an d a subjective concept. Juran summarises these aspects of quality in his quality definition as fitness for use. Similarly, Wang described DQ (which could apply to IQ) as data that is fit-for-use.This description has been adopted by researchers because it brings to light the fact that IQ cannot be defined and evaluated without knowing its context. Defining IQ in a contextual approach seems to be logical because quality criteria, which could be used to assess IQ, can differ according to the context. In fact, IQ is expressed in the literature to be a multi-dimensional concept with varying attributed characteristics depending on the context of the information. However, taking into account the complexity of the IQ concept and that its measurement is expected to be multi-dimensional in nature, the prime issue in defining the quality of any IS is refering the criteria by which the quality is determined. The criteria result from the multi-dimensional and dependent nature of quality in ISs , and are dependent on the objectives and the context of the system. Thus, it is common to define IQ on the internet by identifying the main dimensions of the quality, for that purpose IQ frameworks are widely used to identify the important quality dimensions in a specific context, these dimensions can be used as benchmark to improve the effectiveness of information systems, as described by Porter.Information Quality FrameworksToday, for any IS to be judged successfully it has first to satisfy additional predefined quality criteria. An eLearning system is a special type of IS so it is important to examine the literature relating to the traditional IS success models and the proposed quality frameworks, in order to test the contingency of extending these success models to identify eLearning content quality criteria in an eLearning context.Much of the work done in IS success has its origins in the well-known DeLone and McLean (DM) IS Success Model.This model provided a comprehensive taxonomy on IS success based on the analysis of more than 180 studies on IS success and it identified over 100 IS success measures during the analysis. It conventional that system quality, IQ, use, user satisfaction, individual and organisational impact were the most distinct elements of the IS success equation. In a later work, the authors confirmed the original taxonomy and their conclusion, namely that IS success was a multidimensional and interdependent construct. Their model makes two important contributions to the understanding of IS success. First, it provides a scheme for categorising the multitude of IS success measures that have been used in the literature. Second, it suggests a model of temporal and causal interdependencies between the categories. The updated model, which was proposed in 2003, consists of six dimensionsInformation quality, which concerns the system content issue. Web content should be personalised, complete, relevant, easy to understand and secure.System quality, which measures the desired characteristics of a web based system such as usability, availability, reliability and adaptability.Service qualityUsage, which measures visits to a website, navigation within the site and information retrieval.User satisfaction, which measures users opinions of the system and should cover the entire user experience cycle.Net benefits, which capture the balance of positive and controvert impacts of the system on the users. Although this success measure is very important, it cannot be analysed and understood without system quality and IQ measurements.In their model, DeLone and McLean defined three main dimensions for the quality IQ, systems quality and service quality. Each one has to be measured separately, because singularly or jointly, they will affect subsequent system usage and user satisfaction.In 1996, Wang and noticeable proposed their DQ framework, which will be discussed in more detail in the following section. In their framework they c ategorised characteristics/attributes in to cardinal main types/factors intrinsic, accessibility, contextual and representational. This method of categorising IQ factors and attributes proved to be a valuable methodology for defining IQ. Lately, several quality management projects in business and government have successfully used this framework.After Wang Strong DQ framework, diverse research efforts were spent in order to identify IQ dimensions in deference contexts. Although these frameworks varied in their approach and application, they shared some of the same characteristics concerning their classifications of the dimensions of quality.In 1996, Gertz focused on finding possible solutions for the problems regarding modeling and managing data quality and integrity of integrated data. H proposed a taxonomy of data quality characteristics that includes important attributes such as timeliness and completeness of local information sources. While Redmans work aimed to set up practica l guidelines to analyze and improve information quality within business processes, h proposed a number of quality attributes grouped into six categories Privacy, Content, Quality of Values, Presentation, Improvement and Commitment. In the same year, Zeist Hendricks identified 32 IQ sub-characteristics grouped in 6 main IQ characteristics which covered functionality, reliability, efficiency, usability, maintainability and portability. inappropriate general purpose IQ framework, in 1997 Jarke proposed a special purpose framework where he used the same hierarchical design established by Wang Strong. He defined IQ criteria depending on the context and requirements for specific application Data Warehouse Quality (DWQ). In his framework, Jarke linked each operational quality goals for data warehouses to the criteria which describe this goal. The main defined criteria are accessibility, interpretability, usefulness, believability, and validation.In 1998, Chen gave a list of IQ criteria w ith no special taxonomy. He, however, proposed a goal-oriented framework focusing mainly on time-oriented criteria such as resolution time and network delay. One year later, Alexander Tate proposed their framework for IQ IN Web environment. This framework consisted of 6 main criteria authority, accuracy, objectivity, currency, orientation and navigation. In the same year, Katerattanakul Siau adapted Wang Strong DQ framework to propose their quaternary categories IQ framework of individual websites. Furthermore, Shanks Corbitt recommended a semiotic-based quality framework for information on the Web. This framework includes four semiotic levels. Syntactic level to insure that information is consistent whiles the Semantic level focuses on the information completion and accuracy. Pragmatic level is the third level which covers the usability and the usefulness of the information. The forth level is the social level ensures information understandability. Within their framework ther e are 11 quality dimension distributed within the identified levels.Dedeke in 2000 developed a conceptual IS quality framework that includes 5 categories ergonomic, accessible, transactional, contextual and representational quality. Each category consists of number of quality dimensions such as availability, relevancy and conciseness. Whilst Zhu Gauch described 6 quality inflection for information retrieval on the web these are availability, authority, currency, information-to-noise ratio and cohesiveness.Leung adapted Zeist Hendrickss quality framework in 2001 and applied it to Intranet applications. He defined 6 main IQ characteristics functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency, maintainability and portability. Each quality characteristic in the proposed framework includes numbers of sub-characteristics.Several research in IS quality were undertaken in 2002, Eppler Muenzenmayer suggested two main manifestations for their proposed framework content quality and media qual ity. The content quality is focused on the quality of the presented information and it consists of two categories relevant information and sound information. Whereas media quality is focused on the quality of the medium used to deliver the information and it includes optimized process category and reliable infrastructure category. Each category in the framework contains number of quality dimensions. Khan categorised IQ depending on the context of the system. The framework divided IQ into two main quality types product and service quality. Moreover, it divided these two types into 4 quality classifications and each classification into number of quality dimensions. The quality classifications are sound information, useful information, dependable information and usable information.In addition, Klein conducted a research in the same year to identify five IQ dimensions chosen Wang Strongs DQ framework to measure IQ in Web context accuracy, completeness, relevance, timeliness and amount of data. Mecella also proposed an initial framework for quality management in Cooperative Information System (CIS). This framework includes a model for quality data exported by cooperating organizations and the design of an infrastructure service and improving quality.More recent, in 2005 Liu Huang mentioned 6 key dimensions for IQ source (focused on information availability), content (focused on information completeness), format and presentation (focused on information consistency), currency (focused on information currency and timeliness), accuracy (focused on information accuracy and reliability) and speed (focused on how easily information is downloadable).Besiki et all introduced in 2007 a general framework for IQ assessment. This framework consists of a comprehensive taxonomy of IQ dimensions, and provides a straightforward and powerful predictive method to study IQ problems and causation through them in a systematic and meaningful way.Lately, Kimberly et all presented in 20 09 a model for how to trust about IQ depending on the application context they identified number of common IQ metrics. Kargar Azimzadeh also presented an original experimental framework for ranking IQ on the Web log. The results of their research revealed 7 IQ dimensions for IQ in Web log. For each quality dimension, quality variables associated coefficients were calculated and used so that the proposed framework is able to automatically assess IQ of Web logs. In the same year Thi Helfert conducted a research aimed to propose a quality framework based on IS architecture. In their research they identified quality factors for different construct levels of IS architecture. Moreover, they also presented impacts amongst different quality factors which help to analyze the cause of IS defects.In this part we gave a brief review of the researches conducted to formulate (data/information) quality frameworks within ISs. However in the next section we will focus on Wang and Strongs DQ frame work as we will use it as a base for this research to measure IQ in eLearning systems along the dimensions of the framework.Wang and Strongs Data Quality FrameworkWang Strongs DQ framework, one of the most comprehensive, popular, remarkable and cited DQ frameworks, was established by Richard Wang and Diana Strong in 1996. Their framework was designed empirically by asking users to give their viewpoints about the relevance of the IQ dimensions to capture the most important aspects of DQ to the data consumer.In their framework, Wang and Strong classified quality dimensions into four groupsIntrinsic DQ refers to the quality dimensions originating from the data on its own. This aspect of quality is independent of the users perspective and context.Contextual DQ focuses on the aspect of IQ within the context of the task at hand. In this group, the quality dimensions are subjective preferences of the user. Contrary to the first group, DQ dimensions cannot be assessed without considering the users viewpoint about their use of provided information. eidetic DQ is related to the representation of information within the systems.Accessibility DQ refers