'Pride of China\r'

'The four-century-long Han find out is divided into two periods: the Earlier or occidental Han and the subsequent or Eastern Han. In mingled with these two was the short-lived Hsin Dynasty (AD 9-23). The Chinese show their re practice in Han accomplishments by calling themselves the Han people. Philosophies and institutions that began in the cream puff and Chin periods reached maturity at a lower place the Han. During Han times, the Chinese idealistic themselves in making scientific discoveries, many of which were not cognize to Westerners until centuries later. The Chinese were most advanced in astronomy.\r\nThey invented sundials and piss clocks, divided the day equally into ten and whence into 12 periods, devised the lunar calendar that continued to be employ until 1912, and recorded sunspots regularly. In mathematics, the Chinese were the beginning to use the place value system, whereby the value of a component of a number is indicated by its placement. some other in novations were of a more practical nature: wheelbarrows, locks to accommodate water levels in streams and canals, and compasses. The Han Chinese were especially distinguished in the field of art.\r\nThe famous sculpture of the â€Å"Han f low-cal of steps horse” and the carving of the jade burial outfit found in Han period tombs atomic number 18 simply two superb examples. The technique of making decorate ware was also passing developed. The Chinese are proudest of the tradition of historical writing that began in the Han period. Ssu-ma Chien (145? -85? BC) was appalling historian (an office that combined the duties of court vertical flute and astronomer) during the time of Wu Ti. His `Historical Records, which took ten age to complete, found the pattern and style followed by subsequent histories.\r\nIn the Later Han, the historical tradition was continued by the goat god family. Pan Piao, the father, started to bring Ssu-ma Chiens `Records up to date. The make up was continued by his son Pan Ku (twin comrade of the general Pan Chao) and was completed by his young lady Pan Chao, Chinas earliest and most famous adult female scholar. Unlike Ssu-ma Chien, the Pan family limited their work to 230 years of the Early Han. This was the first of the dynastic histories, subsequently pen for every dynasty.\r\nPan Chao also wrote a highly influential work on the education of women, `Lessons for Women. Lessons emphatic the â€Å"virtues” of women, which restricted womens activities. The Confucianism that the Han Dynasty restored differed from the original teachings of Confucius. The leading Han philosophers, Tung Chung-shu and others, used principles derived from the early Chinese philosophy of nature to sympathize the ancient texts. The Chinese philosophy of nature explained the kit and caboodle of the universe by the alternating forces of yin and yangâ€dark and lightâ€and the five elements: earth, wood, metal, fire, and water.\r\nT he Han period was marked by a broad eclecticism. Many Han emperors favored Taoism, especially the Taoist idea of immortality. Earlier (Western) Han (202 BC-AD 9). The Han Kao Tsu preserved many features of the Chin olympian system, such as the administrative division of the res publica and the central bureaucracy. But the Han rulers lifted the Chin ban on philosophical and historical writings. Han Kao Tsu called for the services of men of talent, not only to restore the destroyed classics but to serve as officials in the government.\r\nFrom that time, the Chinese Empire was governed by a body of officials theoretically selected on merit. such a practice has few parallels elsewhere at this early date in human history. The clean ruler who restored peace and order was a fraction of the house of Han, the original Liu family. His title was Kuang Wu Ti, â€Å"Shining military Emperor,” from AD 25 to 57. During the Later Han, which lasted another two hundred years, a concerte d but unsuccessful campaign was made to restore the glory of the former Han. The Later Han scored considerable success in recovering helpless territories, however.\r\nSent to befriend the tribes on the northwestern confines in AD 73, a great diplomat-general, Pan Chao, eventually led an army of 70,000 almost to the borders of eastern Europe. Pan Chao returned to China in 101 and brought linchpin information about(predicate) the Roman Empire. The Romans also knew about China, but they thought of it only as the commonwealth where silk was produced. The Han Dynasty lasted four hundred years. The term â€Å"The Han people” comes from the puddle of this dynasty. (The English term for â€Å"China” comes from the name of the antecedent dynasty Chin). The Han dynasty is the East Asian counterpart of and contemporary with capital of Italy in its golden age.\r\nDuring this dynasty, China officially became a Confucian state, prospered domestically, and extended its politi cal and cultural charm over Vietnam, Central Asia, Mongolia, and Korea before finally collapsing under a mixture of domestic and external pressures. The Han view line was briefly interrupted by the assault of a famous reformer, Wang Mang, whose interlude on the buns from A. D. 9 to 23 in known as the Hsin dynasty. Historians therefore subdivide the Han period into two parts, creator (or Western) Han (capital at Chang-an, present day Xian) and Later (Eastern) Han (capital at Loyang).\r\n'